Spanish B2: precise expression

What you will learn at this level

• Explain and compare viewpoints with supporting reasons
• Express conditions, uncertainty and reported information
• Adapt written requests and explanations to the reader

Lessons at this level

1. Forming the Spanish imperfect subjunctiveSpanish grammarPast wishes and hypothetical situations call for forms built from the third-person plural preterite stem.
2. Plantear in Spanish: raise an ideaSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA question at a meeting or a possible solution can be brought forward with plantear; explore its forms and common patterns.
3. What is indispensable?Spanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsA resource or action can be essential to a goal; see how the Spanish adjective agrees with nouns and introduces an action.
4. Drawing conclusions from evidenceSpanish: Words that work togetherA report, interview or single photograph can lead to a conclusion; express how strong the evidence is in Spanish.
5. Disagreeing while finding common groundEveryday SpanishA different view need not end a conversation: acknowledge the other person, explain your concern and look for shared ground.
6. A housing cooperative proposalSpanish: Short stories for reading practiceA laundry or study room? Compare the fictional cooperative’s costs and residents’ objections.
7. Pluperfect subjunctive with hubieraSpanish grammarEarlier unreal events and past reactions call for the Spanish pluperfect subjunctive: form it with an auxiliary and a participle.
8. Abordar in Spanish: address an issueSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA meeting, report or conversation can tackle a subject directly. Explore present forms and the accented past form of abordar.
9. Deciding what is dispensableSpanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsA useful tool or an extra meeting may be dispensable when a team decides what it can do without.
10. Making the most of a situationSpanish: Words that work togetherA journey, an opportunity or an experience can bring benefits when you make good use of it.
11. Opening a sensitive conversationEveryday SpanishA difficult subject deserves a careful opening: ask whether the moment is right, describe your concern and invite another perspective.
12. A defensible thesis in SpanishSpanish: Writing with purposeA strong argumentative thesis states a position and previews relevant reasons that the essay can develop with evidence.
13. The conditional perfect in SpanishSpanish grammarA missed call, an unrealised journey or a different choice can be expressed with the conditional perfect.
14. Argumentar: support a position in SpanishSpanish: Verbs and their patternsReasons and evidence give a position weight: explore argumentar, its present forms and how to express support or opposition.
15. Reasonable requests and argumentsSpanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsA fair price, a practical deadline and a convincing explanation show how to judge what is reasonable in Spanish.
16. Bringing a project to completionSpanish: Words that work togetherA difficult project can succeed despite setbacks: describe the effort needed to bring it to completion in Spanish.
17. Responding constructively to criticismEveryday SpanishA concrete example can turn criticism into useful feedback. Practise asking for detail and choosing a thoughtful response in Spanish.
18. A flexible-hours workplace policySpanish: Short stories for reading practiceWho can apply and when must staff be available? Interpret a fictional policy and its emergency exception.
19. Wishing the present were different with ojaláSpanish grammarExpress wishes that run against the present situation, and choose between the two imperfect subjunctive endings in Spanish.
20. Refuting an argument with evidenceSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA claim can be challenged with evidence: express a reasoned rebuttal and practise the present tense in Spanish.
21. Reliable sources and equipmentSpanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsAssess the trustworthiness of information and equipment in Spanish, and explain what makes them dependable.
22. Carrying out a planSpanish: Words that work togetherA plan, investigation or campaign can be put into action: describe how an undertaking is carried out in Spanish.
23. Negotiating a workable compromiseEveryday SpanishDifferent priorities can lead to a shared plan: explain your needs, exchange concessions and agree when to reassess the arrangement.
24. Counterarguments and rebuttals in SpanishSpanish: Writing with purposeA fair opposing view strengthens an essay when a relevant response addresses its concern without exaggerating it.
25. Past regrets with ojaláSpanish grammarA past event cannot be changed, but Spanish lets you express a wish that it had happened differently.
26. Cuestionar in Spanish: challenge an ideaSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA decision, assumption or set of figures can be questioned with reasons; explore forms of cuestionar in context.
27. Demanding people and requirementsSpanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsA demanding job or teacher can require sustained effort; describe expectations and their effects in Spanish.
28. Causing a resultSpanish: Words that work togetherA delay, question or agreement can produce a result: describe causes and consequences in Spanish.
29. Correcting a mistaken assumption tactfullyEveryday SpanishA mistaken belief need not end in an argument: identify the misunderstanding, give a respectful correction and check the facts together.
30. Reading a newspaper correctionSpanish: Short stories for reading practiceA newspaper corrects the length of a library closure and explains where readers can borrow books during the work.
31. Completed actions with the present perfect subjunctiveSpanish grammarA present reaction, doubt or possibility can refer to an earlier completed action using the Spanish present perfect subjunctive.
32. Matizar in Spanish: qualify a statementSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA broad claim can need a qualification; explore matizar, its present forms and a spelling change in the past.
33. Rigorous methods and standardsSpanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsCareful research and strict standards call for a Spanish adjective that describes rigour in method and practice.
34. Taking something for grantedSpanish: Words that work togetherA plan, a promise or someone’s support may seem certain before it is checked: express that assumption in Spanish.
35. Declining an unreasonable requestEveryday SpanishA request can exceed your limits: refuse clearly, give a brief reason and offer only an alternative you can actually manage.
36. Negotiating a job offer in SpanishSpanish: Communication at workA salary proposal can open a conversation: discuss an offer, request a change and give a clear reason.
37. Writing a formal complaint in SpanishSpanish: Writing with purposeA late order, its consequences and a concrete remedy can form a clear, courteous complaint letter.
38. Past wishes and requests in SpanishSpanish grammarA past wish, request or reaction can introduce an imperfect subjunctive clause with a different subject.
39. Clarifying an unclear pointSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA confusing condition or deadline becomes easier to understand when you clarify it in Spanish.
40. Ambiguous statements and readingsSpanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsTwo possible readings of a message can make its meaning uncertain; explain ambiguity in Spanish.
41. Finding a solution after searchingSpanish: Words that work togetherA difficult delay or conflict may take several attempts to resolve; describe finding a solution in Spanish.
42. Mediating between friendsEveryday SpanishTwo friends can have different concerns: summarize each view fairly and suggest a next step both can consider.
43. Discussing promotion opportunities in SpanishSpanish: Communication at workPromotion criteria and concrete results help frame a conversation about advancement and the next steps.
44. Reading an opinion on water conservationSpanish: Short stories for reading practiceA local opinion links leaking pipes to water waste and proposes a way for residents to follow repairs.
45. Past reactions to earlier actionsSpanish grammarA past reaction can refer to an earlier action with the pluperfect subjunctive; compare its two forms and practise the sequence.
46. Giving reasons for a decisionSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA delayed project or a difficult choice calls for reasons: explain or justify an action in Spanish.
47. Specific details in SpanishSpanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsA concrete proposal or a precise date can turn an abstract idea into something people can act on.
48. Making a fact evidentSpanish: Words that work togetherA survey, a test or a conversation can bring a hidden need or difference into view in Spanish.
49. Addressing a broken promiseEveryday SpanishAn unkept commitment can affect your plans: describe its impact, ask what happened and agree on a realistic next step.
50. Negotiating project scope in SpanishSpanish: Communication at workA limited budget calls for choices: discuss deliverables, priorities and resources before agreeing on scope.
51. A Spanish cover letter for a jobSpanish: Writing with purposeA relevant achievement, its value to the employer and an interview request make a persuasive job application letter.
52. Tense shifts in Spanish reported speechSpanish grammarA past reporting verb can shift present, future and perfect forms as a speaker retells someone’s words from an earlier viewpoint.
53. Fundamentar: substantiate a claim in SpanishSpanish: Verbs and their patternsGround a proposal, diagnosis or conclusion in evidence with fundamentar and its regular verb forms.
54. Abstract ideas and concrete examplesSpanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsA discussion, a painting and a plan show how an abstract idea can become clearer through a concrete example.
55. Putting an idea into practiceSpanish: Words that work togetherA plan, skill or piece of advice becomes useful when someone applies it in a real situation.
56. Arranging access for repairsEveryday SpanishA repair visit needs a workable time and advance notice: explain your constraints, propose a slot and confirm who will enter.
57. Disclosing a conflict of interest in SpanishSpanish: Communication at workA potential personal or financial connection can affect a workplace decision; explain it and discuss a way to manage it.
58. Reading Spanish subscription cancellation termsSpanish: Short stories for reading practiceA fictional magazine subscription sets out automatic renewal, the cancellation deadline and an exception if publication stops.
59. Reporting questions indirectlySpanish grammarA reported question can preserve a question word or introduce a yes-or-no question with si, while its tense follows the context.
60. Respaldar in Spanish: backing an idea or personSpanish: Verbs and their patternsEvidence can back a claim, and people can support a colleague: explore how respaldar expresses both kinds of support.
61. Temporary arrangements and tentative resultsSpanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsA temporary agreement, a preliminary result or a tentative date can all be described with an adjective that leaves room for change.
62. When rules take effectSpanish: Words that work togetherA law, agreement or tariff can take effect on a specified date. Describe its entry into force in Spanish.
63. Disputing a rental deposit deduction in SpanishEveryday SpanishChallenge a charge against your rental deposit, ask for an itemized invoice and explain the evidence behind your request.
64. An uneven workload at workSpanish: Communication at workAn imbalance in urgent tasks can strain a team: describe its effects and suggest a fairer allocation in Spanish.
65. Writing an executive summary in SpanishSpanish: Writing with purposeA report’s purpose, principal findings and recommendation become a concise overview for decision makers.
66. Reporting commands and requestsSpanish grammarA past request or instruction can be reported with a subordinate clause; practise choosing the appropriate subjunctive form.
67. Valorar in Spanish: assess and appreciateSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA decision can call for assessing options, while a kind gesture may deserve appreciation; valorar expresses both.
68. Definitivo: the final versionSpanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsA provisional draft gives way to a final version: see how definitivo describes decisions, dates and decisive events.
69. Growing in importanceSpanish: Words that work togetherWater conservation, rest and accessibility can become more significant as circumstances change. Express that shift in Spanish.
70. Setting boundaries with housematesEveryday SpanishGuests, shared rooms and advance notice can become easier to discuss when everyone states their needs and agrees on a workable arrangement.
71. Mediating a team disagreement in SpanishSpanish: Communication at workA team disagrees about priorities or schedules: summarize each position, find a shared goal and propose a limited trial.
72. A neighborhood debate about street treesSpanish: Short stories for reading practiceA neighborhood weighs shade against pavement damage and upkeep, then considers a limited tree-planting project.
73. A menos que and the subjunctiveSpanish grammarPlans often have an exception: express what could prevent an action with a Spanish conjunction and the subjunctive.
74. Estimating figures and judgingSpanish: Verbs and their patternsAn approximate cost or a considered opinion calls for a versatile Spanish verb; practise its forms and meanings.
75. Feasible plans in SpanishSpanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsA proposal can be realistic under one budget and impossible under another; assess whether it can be carried out.
76. Facing an unwanted riskSpanish: Words that work togetherA missed train, a closed museum or lost files are possible unwanted outcomes. Express such risks naturally in Spanish.
77. Questioning an unexpected utility chargeEveryday SpanishAn unfamiliar charge on a utility bill calls for a clear explanation, an itemized breakdown and, if needed, a correction.
78. Declining an unrealistic work request in SpanishSpanish: Communication at workA tight deadline or full workload calls for a clear limit and a practical alternative that colleagues can discuss.
79. A community project proposal in SpanishSpanish: Writing with purposeA neighborhood need, a practical action and the resources required can form a concise project proposal.
80. Conditions with con tal de queSpanish grammarSet a condition for an outcome in Spanish and choose the subjunctive when that condition has yet to be fulfilled.
81. Calculating amounts and timeSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA table’s area or the time a job needs can be calculated or estimated with this Spanish verb.
82. Coherent ideas and consistent actionsSpanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsA coherent argument fits its evidence, while consistent actions match a goal or a person’s words.
83. Conclusion and contrast in SpanishSpanish: Choosing between similar wordsA conclusion follows from a premise, while a contrast presents an unexpected difference between statements.
84. Challenging an airline refund decision in SpanishEveryday SpanishAn airline response overlooks your refund request: explain the gap, cite the facts and ask for the decision to be reconsidered.
85. Confidential information at workSpanish: Communication at workA sensitive report calls for clear boundaries: ask who may access it, seek permission and establish what can be disclosed.
86. Reading a museum exhibition descriptionSpanish: Short stories for reading practiceA changing port comes alive through sound and objects: examine a fictional exhibition’s theme, curatorial choices and intended effect.
87. Conditions with siempre queSpanish grammarA permission, plan or agreement can depend on a proviso; compare that meaning with a repeated habit in Spanish.
88. Foreseeing outcomes with a Spanish verbSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA report predicts higher prices: explore how to express a forecast and spell this verb in the present, past and future.
89. Harmful effects in SpanishSpanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsA noisy environment, a damaged harvest and other situations show how to describe harm to people and things in Spanish.
90. Formal and conversational reformulationSpanish: Choosing between similar wordsTwo Spanish reformulators clarify a statement, with different typical registers in formal writing and conversation.
91. Negotiating alternative accommodation in SpanishEveryday SpanishExplain an unsuitable room, propose a workable alternative and agree on conditions before changing accommodation.
92. Negotiating an invoice payment scheduleSpanish: Communication at workAn invoice due date can be renegotiated: propose instalments, discuss the timing and confirm any agreement in writing.
93. Weighing evidence in Spanish essaysSpanish: Writing with purposeStrong arguments compare the reach and limits of evidence before drawing a proportionate conclusion.
94. En caso de que and the subjunctiveSpanish grammarA contingency may never happen, but Spanish can describe the precautions taken for it with a subjunctive clause.
95. Anticipating and bringing forwardSpanish: Verbs and their patternsExpected difficulties invite preparation; an appointment can also be moved to an earlier time with this Spanish verb.
96. Relevant to the questionSpanish: Adjectives for precise descriptionsA detail, a date or a letter can matter because it helps answer a particular question or make a decision.
97. Confirmation and illustrative factsSpanish: Choosing between similar wordsA confirmation supports an earlier statement; an illustrative fact adds concrete evidence to what has been said.
98. Reporting an accessibility barrier in SpanishEveryday SpanishExplain how a barrier affects access, request a practical accommodation and ask when an alternative will be available.
99. Handling a customer complaintSpanish: Communication at workAn incomplete order needs a careful response: acknowledge the problem, investigate and offer a possible remedy without guarantees.
100. Reading a remote-work surveySpanish: Short stories for reading practiceSixty of a hundred choose three days at home: interpret survey proportions and separate the findings from a tentative conclusion.
101. Purpose in the past with para queSpanish grammarA past action can have a purpose expressed with para que and the imperfect subjunctive; explore both verb endings in context.
102. Postponing an event in SpanishSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA meeting moves to May: express a delay to a later date and spell the first-person past form correctly.
103. Deliberate actions in SpanishSpanish: Adverbs for time, manner and degreeA choice made on purpose can be distinguished from an accident with an adverb expressing intention.
104. Persistence and decisions regardlessSpanish: Choosing between similar wordsAn obstacle need not stop an action, and a decision can stand regardless of an uncertain circumstance.
105. Disputing a subscription renewal in SpanishEveryday SpanishQuestion an unexpected renewal charge, request a refund and seek written confirmation of cancellation in Spanish.
106. Presenting a business recommendationSpanish: Communication at workA pilot project can make a proposal concrete: state your recommendation, explain the reason and describe expected benefits.
107. Formal register and impersonal SpanishSpanish: Writing with purposeProfessional writing can turn casual statements into precise requests and neutral observations suited to their audience.
108. Unreal comparisons with como siSpanish grammarA person may act as if something were true or had already happened: express that comparison with past subjunctive forms.
109. Speeding up in SpanishSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA faster vehicle or a shorter procedure: express an increase in speed with the Spanish verb for acceleration.
110. Unverified claims in SpanishSpanish: Adverbs for time, manner and degreeA rumour about a painting or a train can be reported without presenting the information as confirmed fact.
111. Conditions and repeated occasionsSpanish: Choosing between similar wordsA helmet can be a condition for borrowing a bicycle; repeated bell rings describe occasions. Compare the two Spanish constructions.
112. Negotiating service contract termsEveryday SpanishA monthly fee, cancellation notice and price changes: practise clarifying and proposing terms before signing a service contract.
113. Explaining a budget variance in SpanishSpanish: Communication at workActual spending can differ from a plan: explain the size and cause of a variance and its consequences for future funds.
114. Reading community budget meeting minutesSpanish: Short stories for reading practiceA neighborhood meeting considers a playground proposal, changes its funding and records the final vote and remaining budget.
115. Result and purpose with de modo queSpanish grammarAn actual consequence or an intended outcome changes the mood after this Spanish connector.
116. Afectar in Spanish: describing effectsSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA storm, a delay or a piece of news can affect people and plans; explore the verb’s forms and its direct object.
117. Unavoidable consequences in SpanishSpanish: Adverbs for time, manner and degreeWith no fuel an engine must stop: express a consequence that cannot be avoided under stated conditions.
118. Time and contrast with whileSpanish: Choosing between similar wordsTwo actions can happen together; two facts can also be contrasted. See how Spanish connects each pair.
119. Asking about an application appealEveryday SpanishA refused application raises questions about reasons, deadlines and evidence; practise asking how to challenge the decision in Spanish.
120. Discussing a project risk in SpanishSpanish: Communication at workA supplier might fail: describe a project risk, estimate its likelihood and propose a measure to reduce its impact.
121. Clear references across sentencesSpanish: Writing with purposeReference words connect ideas across sentences when readers can identify exactly what each word points to.
122. Drawing a consequence in SpanishSpanish grammarA prior fact leads to a consequence expressed with a distinctive Spanish connector and the subjunctive.
123. Influir in Spanish: shaping an outcomeSpanish: Verbs and their patternsWeather, choices and costs can shape an outcome; explore influir en and its present and past forms.
124. Gradual change in SpanishSpanish: Adverbs for time, manner and degreeA path narrowing or a room filling can develop in stages over time; describe the process with precision.
125. Precautions and conditional clausesSpanish: Choosing between similar wordsA spare key or a possible storm calls for a precaution. Compare two Spanish clauses and the moods they require.
126. Requesting correction of personal informationEveryday SpanishAn incorrect address or misspelled surname can be identified and corrected: practise requesting a records update in Spanish.
127. Contrastive stress in Spanish sentencesSpanish: Sounds, stress and spellingA correction can shift the emphasis to the word that replaces an earlier assumption, making the intended contrast clear.
128. A dispute over a rental depositSpanish: Short stories for reading practiceA tenant and a landlord disagree about a floor stain; follow their evidence and proposed way to settle the deposit.
129. Rejecting one reason for anotherSpanish grammarA contrast between a rejected explanation and the actual cause makes your reason precise in Spanish.
130. Contributing to an outcomeSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA shared effort can advance a result: express contributions to goals and actions with the appropriate Spanish construction.
131. Matching ordered lists in SpanishSpanish: Adverbs for time, manner and degreeTwo boxes weigh two and three kilos: use the adverb that pairs each item with the corresponding value in order.
132. Purpose clauses and changing subjectsSpanish: Choosing between similar wordsAn early departure avoids traffic; a slow explanation helps everyone understand. Compare two formal ways to express purpose.
133. Requesting another medical opinionEveryday SpanishA second assessment may need a referral and records: ask a clinician how to arrange it and obtain the relevant documents.
134. Uncertainty in Spanish intonationSpanish: Sounds, stress and spellingA tentative pitch can accompany doubt: explore how context and wording shape uncertain statements in Spanish.
135. The Spanish colon in contextSpanish: Writing with purposeLists, explanations and formal greetings call for a colon in distinct positions; learn the punctuation and capitalization that follow.
136. Whoever the person may beSpanish grammarAn unrestricted reference to a person takes a Spanish relative expression followed by the subjunctive.
137. Explaining what a decision impliesSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA choice can involve a change, cost or action: express its implications with the Spanish present tense.
138. Prior actions in SpanishSpanish: Adverbs for time, manner and degreeA reservation or an agreement can take place before another event; express that earlier timing precisely.
139. Concession with pese a and a pesar de queSpanish: Choosing between similar wordsRain or a whole clause can introduce an obstacle: choose the Spanish construction that matches what follows.
140. Discussing medical treatment choicesEveryday SpanishBenefits, risks and alternatives: ask a clinician to compare treatment choices before making a decision.
141. Polite request intonation in SpanishSpanish: Sounds, stress and spellingA courteous request depends on wording, voice and context; explore written question pairs and practise a gentle delivery.
142. A food waste campaign under scrutinySpanish: Short stories for reading practiceTen thousand visits: examine a campaign’s audience, purpose and the limits of its reported results.
143. Hypothetical si clauses: imperfect subjunctive and conditionalSpanish grammarExpress hypothetical present or future situations with si plus imperfect subjunctive and a conditional result.
144. Unrestricted choice with the Spanish concessive relativeSpanish grammarWhatever the option, a concessive relative and the subjunctive let you express an unrestricted choice.
145. Consequences and responsibilities of an actionSpanish: Verbs and their patternsMoving, taking a role or opening a shop can entail costs and duties: express those consequences in Spanish.
146. Consequences linked in SpanishSpanish: Adverbs for time, manner and degreeA flooded road leads to a cancelled trip: connect an outcome to its cause with a formal Spanish adverb.
147. Topics and immediate timing in SpanishSpanish: Choosing between similar wordsA price can introduce a topic, while a train arriving can set the moment for a call; distinguish these two expressions.
148. Making a formal complaint about a serviceEveryday SpanishAn unresolved service failure deserves a clear account of its impact and the remedy you are requesting in Spanish.
149. Confirming details with Spanish intonationSpanish: Sounds, stress and spellingA repeated detail can become a request for confirmation through question intonation, with a pitch movement that depends on context.
150. The Spanish semicolonSpanish: Writing with purposeClosely linked clauses and complex lists become easier to follow when a semicolon makes their boundaries clear.
151. Spanish future perfect: an action completed before a future pointSpanish grammarForm the future perfect with future haber and a participle to describe completion before a specified future time or event.
152. Guessing what has already happenedSpanish grammarA closed shop or an unanswered message can invite a tentative explanation about an event that has already happened.
153. Expressing what a process requiresSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA demanding task may need time, tools or action: practise the Spanish verb for stating its requirements.
154. Spanish starting thresholds and originsSpanish: Choosing between similar wordsA new schedule, a quantity limit or a view from a window: choose the Spanish expression that highlights the intended starting point.
155. Regional weakening of Spanish sSpanish: Sounds, stress and spellingIn many Spanish-speaking regions, a syllable-final s may sound like a breath or disappear; context helps listeners recover the meaning.
156. Consulting residents on a solar projectSpanish: Short stories for reading practiceLower bills and possible disruption: compare a solar proposal’s projected benefit, concern and mitigation.
157. Spanish unreal past conditions with si hubiera and habríaSpanish grammarBuild a hypothetical past condition with si plus the past perfect subjunctive and an imagined result with the conditional perfect.
158. Guessing what had happenedSpanish grammarA missing coat or a wet street can invite a Spanish guess about what had happened before a moment in the past.
159. Favorecer in Spanish: help or give preferenceSpanish: Verbs and their patternsConditions can promote a process, while a decision can benefit or favor a person; explore the forms and meanings of favorecer.
160. Conjecture and obligation in SpanishSpanish: Choosing between similar wordsA light is on or a rule requires a helmet: distinguish a reasoned guess from an obligation in Spanish.
161. Rhythm across Spanish phrasesSpanish: Sounds, stress and spellingConnected Spanish speech flows in meaningful groups; practise stress, linking and pauses while keeping every word clear.
162. A balanced conclusion in SpanishSpanish: Writing with purposeA convincing ending brings the argument together, acknowledges a relevant limit and points towards a proportionate next step.
163. Aunque with indicative and subjunctiveSpanish grammarCompare a stated fact after aunque with a hypothetical concession expressed by the subjunctive.
164. Reject an explanation with no es queSpanish grammarWhen an assumed reason misses the point, Spanish can reject it with the subjunctive and offer a different explanation.
165. Formulating an approach in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA report may frame a problem in several ways. Discuss how a proposal is formulated and how an approach changes.
166. Perjudicar in Spanish: causing harmSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA decision, delay or action can harm a person or an outcome; explore the forms and uses of perjudicar.
167. Approaches and focus in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA practical method can shape a study or a debate. Describe its approach and identify the focus of professional discussions.
168. Garantizar in Spanish: promises and guaranteesSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA contract or service may guarantee access, a price or a response; express the scope and limits of that promise in Spanish.
169. Perspectives in professional SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA client’s viewpoint can change a design. Discuss perspectives and broaden your understanding of a professional issue.
170. Cumplir in Spanish: keeping promises and meeting requirementsSpanish: Verbs and their patternsPromises, deadlines and requirements call for cumplir, with or without con; explore its forms and the difference in meaning.
171. Criteria and judgment in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextClear standards help a committee choose fairly. Discuss selection criteria and the exercise of sound judgment at work.
172. Breaking an obligationSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA missed deadline or broken promise calls for a precise verb: describe failure to honour an agreement or obligation in Spanish.
173. Arguments in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextArguments can shape a formal discussion. Explore its meaning, forms and use in professional settings.
174. Resigning and giving something upSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA post, a right or a prize can be given up: express resignation and renunciation in Spanish.
175. Reasoning in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextReasoning can shape a formal discussion. Explore its meaning, forms and use in professional settings.
176. Asumir in Spanish: accept or supposeSpanish: Verbs and their patternsResponsibility, costs and unverified facts call for different uses of asumir; explore its forms and meanings in context.
177. Evidence in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextEvidence can shape a formal discussion. Explore its meaning, forms and use in professional settings.
178. Establecer in Spanish: rules and deadlinesSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA rule, relationship or deadline can be established in Spanish; explore establecer and its irregular first-person form.
179. Hypotheses in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA provisional explanation can guide an investigation; discuss hypotheses and the evidence needed to test them.
180. Keeping an agreement or stateSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA promise, a closed door and a steady schedule show how Spanish expresses keeping an agreement or condition in place.
181. Drawing conclusions in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA report or debate can lead to a conclusion. Discuss findings and final judgments in formal and professional settings.
182. Making a specific alterationSpanish: Verbs and their patternsA revised schedule, contract clause or report page shows how to express a specific modification in Spanish.
183. Consequences in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA decision can produce unforeseen effects. Discuss consequences and their causes in formal and professional situations.
184. Discussing repercussions in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextAn announcement can attract attention or affect a sector. Explore repercussions and their reach in professional contexts.
185. Environments and surroundings in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA workplace, neighbourhood or digital setting can shape a project. Describe environments and surroundings in Spanish.
186. Context in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA quotation can change meaning when detached from its surroundings. Discuss background and circumstances in professional settings.
187. Fields and spheres in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextProfessional life spans many fields. Describe areas of activity and distinguish a sphere from the scope of a project.
188. Defining scope in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA contract has boundaries. Explain what an agreement or project covers and where its scope ends in professional discussions.
189. Challenges at work in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA difficult task may demand new solutions. Discuss challenges, how teams face them and what it takes to overcome them.
190. Commitment and obligations in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA written pledge or sustained dedication can express commitment in professional and community settings.
191. Responsibility and duties in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA budget or a safety policy can place responsibility on a person or a whole team at work.
192. Work performance in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextAn evaluation or a negotiation can reveal how well someone performs a professional role or duty.
193. Output and yield in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA machine, a crop or an investment can produce output or returns that are measured and compared.
194. Productivity at work in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextOutput per hour can reveal how effectively resources are used. Discuss workplace productivity and compare results across teams.
195. Plantilla: workforce in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextIn workplace discussions, plantilla refers to the staff as a group; explore its gender, plural and professional use.
196. Trayectoria: career path and track recordSpanish: Nouns in contextA career path or an organisation’s history can be described with trayectoria, a feminine noun used in professional contexts.
197. Liderazgo: leadership in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextDiscuss leadership in teams and organisations, including the masculine noun and its plural in professional contexts.
198. Negotiation in professional SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA contract under discussion: describe the negotiation process, its stages and the parties involved in Spanish.
199. Consensus in Spanish workplacesSpanish: Nouns in contextA team seeks common ground: talk about reaching consensus and making decisions in formal Spanish.
200. Disagreement in professional SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextDifferent figures or opinions: describe a discrepancy and discuss how a team can address it in Spanish.
201. Proposals in professional SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextA plan reaches the committee: describe, submit and consider proposals in formal Spanish at work.
202. Professional Spanish: initiativeSpanish: Nouns in contextProfessional Spanish — From workplace decisions to formal documents, explore initiative in context and practise its forms.
203. Professional Spanish: strategySpanish: Nouns in contextProfessional Spanish — From workplace decisions to formal documents, explore strategy in context and practise its forms.
204. Professional Spanish: procedureSpanish: Nouns in contextProfessional Spanish — From workplace decisions to formal documents, explore procedure in context and practise its forms.
205. Professional Spanish: regulationsSpanish: Nouns in contextProfessional Spanish — From workplace decisions to formal documents, explore regulations in context and practise its forms.
206. Legislation in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextEnvironmental rules and labour law belong to legislation. Discuss a body of laws and its application in professional contexts.
207. Grants in professional SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextFunding applications and public support provide a context for discussing grants in Spanish.
208. Investment in professional SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextCapital, equipment and project risk provide a context for discussing investment in Spanish.
209. Profitability in professional SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextReturns, costs and project risk provide a context for discussing profitability in Spanish.
210. Facturación: billing and turnover in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextInvoices and business reports call for facturación: distinguish the billing process from turnover and use its feminine forms.
211. Competition and competence in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextContracts, digital skills and rival firms reveal how one Spanish noun expresses competition and competence in professional contexts.
212. Transparency in Spanish decisionsSpanish: Nouns in contextPublic trust and open budgets provide a professional context for discussing transparency in Spanish.
213. Sostenibilidad: sustainability in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextDiscuss environmental and economic sustainability in Spanish, using the feminine noun and its common constructions.
214. Inequality in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextWage gaps and unequal access to education are topics for discussing inequality in reports and professional settings.
215. Well-being in SpanishSpanish: Nouns in contextWorkplace surveys and green spaces offer ways to discuss well-being in professional and public policy contexts.