Probability: possible events and strong inferences
An empty meeting room is a clue, not proof. Choose Turkish forms for what may happen, what may be true and what must have happened.
Read and practiseAdventure journal
Turkish grammar
Learn vowel harmony, word order, negation and sentence patterns one rule at a time, with examples and typed practice.
Adventure journal
Turkish grammar
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Reduplication and emphasis: kıpkırmızı, mis gibi
A vivid red, a spotless glass, files opened one by one: distinguish Turkish intensifiers from repeated words and the fixed expression mis gibi.
Read and practiseAs if: impressions with sanki and gibi
A room that seems smaller, a child pretending to sleep: distinguish impressions from facts with Turkish sanki, gibi and -miş gibi.
Read and practiseLinking clauses and adding emphasis
A spare key brings relief; a calendar entry prompts a conclusion. Connect Turkish clauses, distinguish fixed expressions and keep their spelling straight.
Read and practiseLinking an argument: bu nedenle, ayrıca, dolayısıyla
A second advantage is not a consequence: connect Turkish arguments with bu nedenle, ayrıca and dolayısıyla, and keep reasons, additions and conclusions distinct.
Read and practiseTurkish grammar traps for English speakers
Word-for-word translation can change who acts or what a sentence denies. Diagnose English interference in Turkish clauses, verb complements and negatives.
Read and practise