Turkish A1: first steps

What you will learn at this level

• Read and say all 29 letters, including ı, ğ and ö
• Choose the right ending with vowel harmony, from the plural to the locative
• Greet people, introduce yourself and ask simple questions with mi, var and yok
• Talk about the present and the simple past in short sentences

Lessons at this level

1. The Turkish alphabet: 29 lettersTurkish letters and soundsTwenty-nine letters, no silent ones: see which three English letters are missing, which six are new, and why c and ç are two different sounds.
2. The eight Turkish vowelsTurkish letters and soundsTurkish has eight vowels, sorted by tongue, lips and mouth opening. See how a e ı i o ö u ü differ and why ö is not just o.
3. Dotless ı and dotted iTurkish letters and soundsLearn to tell Turkish ı from i by sound and spelling, and to write the capitals I and İ correctly in words such as ışık, kır and İzmir.
4. Soft g (ğ): the letter you do not say as gTurkish letters and soundsTurkish ğ is not a g: after a, ı, o, u it stretches the vowel, after e, i, ö, ü it sounds like a light y. Spelling and mouth position, with no recording.
5. ö and ü: the rounded front vowelsTurkish letters and soundsLearn to say Turkish ö and ü by rounding your lips while the tongue stays forward, and keep them apart from o and u in pairs such as kör/kor and üç/uç.
6. Turkish c and ç: j and chTurkish letters and soundsSay Turkish c like the j in jam and ç like the ch in chair, and see why one cedilla separates cam (glass) from çam (pine tree).
7. S and Ş: hiss against hushTurkish letters and soundsTell the hiss of s from the hush of ş with minimal pairs such as taş and tas, kaş and kas, su and şu, and learn the mouth position each one needs.
8. The Turkish r: one quick tapTurkish letters and soundsHow to say the Turkish r as a single light tap of the tongue tip at the start, middle and end of a word, and how to keep it apart from l in pairs such as kar and kal.
9. Front k, g and l: kedi, gül, elTurkish letters and soundsWhy the k in kedi and the g in gül sound lighter than in kapı and gaz, how l shifts beside e i ö ü, and what the circumflex in kâr does.
10. Double consonants: anne, elli, hattaTurkish letters and soundsFifty is elli, but his hand is eli: hold the doubled consonant in anne, elli and hatta so a long sound is not shortened into a different word.
11. Letter names: spell it aloudTurkish letters and soundsSpell your name on the phone the Turkish way: consonants are called be, ce, de, and vowels keep their sound. Includes the odd ones, ğ and j.
12. Syllables: one vowel, one beatTurkish letters and soundsCount the vowels and you have the syllables: a-ra-ba, ki-tap, el-ma. See where one consonant goes, where two split, and why saat is sa-at.
13. Word stress: the last syllableTurkish letters and soundsKitap, kitaplar, kitaplarımız: the stress slides to the end each time. Learn the default Turkish word stress by counting syllables, with no recording needed.
14. Reading any word aloud: one letter, one soundTurkish letters and soundsTurkish spelling is a recipe, not a puzzle: read left to right, say every letter once, and a word you have never met comes out right. No recording, just method.
15. Question intonation with miTurkish letters and soundsYağdı mı? The peak sits on dı and mı stays light: learn where the voice peaks in Turkish yes/no questions and why a question word needs no mi.
16. Front and back vowels: kal against kelTurkish letters and soundsHear the difference between kal and kel, bal and bel, kır and kir: where the tongue sits decides the vowel, the neighbouring k, and the word itself.
17. -ler / -lar: the plural suffixTurkish suffixesTwo shapes, one slot: -ler and -lar differ by a single vowel, and the plural always sits right after the noun, before our, your and case endings, as in evlerimizde.
18. -de / -da / -te / -ta: in, at, onTurkish suffixesLearn the Turkish locative suffix in all four shapes, -de, -da, -te and -ta, how the last vowel and last sound choose one, and why it is Ankara'da with an apostrophe.
19. -den / -dan / -ten / -tan: from, out ofTurkish suffixesSay where you come from in Turkish. The ablative suffix has four shapes, and after his, her or its it adds an n: evinden, not evden.
20. -e / -a / -ye / -ya: to, towardsTurkish suffixesWhere does -e or -a go, when does a y appear, and why does kitap become kitaba? A guide to the Turkish dative for goals and receivers.
21. -i / -ı / -u / -ü: marking the definite objectTurkish suffixesTurkish marks a known, specific object with -i, -ı, -u or -ü. See which of the four fits, when a y or a softened k, p or ç steps in, and when no ending is needed.
22. -in / -ın / -un / -ün: of, ’s (the genitive)Turkish suffixesSay whose something is with the genitive: Ali'nin, çocuğun, kapının. Four shapes, the buffer n after a vowel, and why the thing owned needs an ending of its own.
23. -im / -ım / -um / -üm / -m: myTurkish suffixesTurn ev into evim and araba into arabam: which of five endings follows the last vowel, why vowel-final nouns take only -m, and how kitap becomes kitabım.
24. -in / -ın / -un / -ün: your (evin, araban)Turkish suffixesSay your house, your car, your mother in Turkish: the four -in/-ın/-un/-ün shapes after a consonant, the short -n after a vowel, and kitap becoming kitabın.
25. -i / -si: his, her, itsTurkish suffixesWhy is it evi but arabası? Learn the third-person possessive in all eight shapes, when a final consonant softens (kitap, kitabı), and why his and her are the same.
26. -imiz / -ımız / -umuz / -ümüz: ourTurkish suffixesLearn how Turkish says our: the suffix -imiz and its seven other shapes, chosen by the last vowel and by whether the noun ends in a vowel, as in evimiz and arabamız.
27. -ınız / -iniz / -unuz / -ünüz: your (plural, polite)Turkish suffixesSay eviniz, arabanız, kitaplarınız: the ending for your when you address several people or one person politely, with its eight shapes and the vowel it drops after a vowel.
28. -leri / -ları: their house, their carTurkish suffixesEvleri, arabaları, kitapları: how the Turkish ending for “their” chooses -leri or -ları, why p, ç, t, k stay hard, and why evleri can also mean one person's houses.
29. Buffer -n-: evinde, evinden, evineTurkish suffixesLearn why Turkish inserts n between the his/her possessive and a case suffix (evi + de = evinde), and why it never appears after my, our or your.
30. Buffer -y-: the y that joins vowelsTurkish suffixesArabaya and kapıyı, not arabaa or kapıı: see where Turkish puts a linking y between a vowel-ending word and -e/-a or -i, and where it never does.
31. bana, sana, ona: pronouns with case endingsTurkish suffixesHow ben, sen and o change before case endings: bana, senden, onu, ona, and why biz and siz stay regular. Includes the full pronoun table.
32. Apostrophes with names: Ankara'da, Ali'ninTurkish suffixesWhy Turkish writes an apostrophe between a name and its suffix, how the ending is picked, and why Ahmet and Zeynep keep their last letter.
33. mi / mı / mu / mü: the yes-or-no question wordTurkish suffixesTurn any Turkish statement into a yes-or-no question with mi, mı, mu or mü: which vowel to choose, why it is written apart, and where the person ending goes.
34. -im / -sin / -iz / -siniz: I am, you are, we areTurkish suffixesSay who or how you are in Turkish with the person endings -im, -sin, -iz and -siniz, with vowel harmony and the buffer y that follows a vowel.
35. -iyor / -ıyor / -uyor / -üyor: happening nowTurkish suffixesMake the Turkish present continuous: how the vowel before -yor follows the stem, what happens to bekle- and başla-, and why git- turns into gidiyorum.
36. -miyor / -mıyor / -muyor / -müyor: not doing nowTurkish suffixesGelmiyorum and never gelmeyorum: see how the negative -me/-ma narrows before -yor, how the stem's last vowel picks it, and where the person ending goes.
37. -di, -dı, -du, -dü, -ti: the past (geldi, yaptı)Turkish suffixesEight shapes of the Turkish past ending: -di, -dı, -du, -dü and their t forms. See how the stem's last vowel and last sound pick one, as in geldi, yaptı and gördü.
38. Past person endings: -m, -n, -k, -niz, -lerTurkish suffixesGeldim, geldin, geldi, geldik, geldiniz, geldiler: how the Turkish past tense marks who did it, why he and she get no ending, and where harmony changes -niz and -ler.
39. -medi / -madı: the negative pastTurkish suffixesGelmedim, okumadım, görmedik: attach -me or -ma, then -di or -dı and a person ending to say what did not happen, with just two shapes to learn.
40. -ecek / -acak: will, going toTurkish suffixesTomorrow's plans, promises and forecasts: the future suffix -ecek/-acak, its y buffer after vowels, and the k that turns into ğ in geleceğim.
41. -le / -la: with, by means ofTurkish suffixesKalemle, arabayla, benimle: attach -le/-la for 'with' or 'by', add a y after a vowel, and see how it relates to the separate word ile.
42. -inci / -ıncı / -uncu / -üncü: ordinal numbersTurkish suffixesWhich ordinal shape fits? Choose -inci, -ıncı, -uncu or -üncü by the last vowel, drop the i after a vowel (ikinci) and soften dört to dördüncü.
43. -ca / -ce / -ça / -çe: language namesTurkish suffixesAlmanca, Arapça, İngilizce, Türkçe: the four shapes of the suffix that turns Alman, Arap, İngiliz and Türk into language names, and how to pick one.
44. -li / -lı / -lu / -lü: with, havingTurkish suffixesSütlü kahve, şekerli çay: see how the suffix -li, -lı, -lu or -lü says with or having, why its l never changes, and why Ankaralı has no apostrophe.
45. Without: -siz / -sız / -suz / -süzTurkish suffixesŞekersiz çay is tea without sugar. See how -siz, -sız, -suz and -süz follow the last vowel, why the s never changes, and why çocuksuz keeps its k.
46. -in / -ın / -un / -ün: polite commandTurkish suffixesCome, look, sit down: build the Turkish command you give to several people or to someone you respect, with four vowel shapes and a y after vowels.
47. Vowel harmony: the two-way and four-way rulesTurkish grammarLearn how the last vowel of a Turkish word chooses the vowel of its suffix, in the two-way and the four-way patterns, with a table of all eight vowels.
48. Word order: the verb goes lastTurkish grammarWhere does the verb go in Turkish? At the end. See the usual subject, time, place, object, verb order and which words may move without changing the meaning.
49. Personal pronouns: ben, sen, o, biz, siz, onlarTurkish grammarSix Turkish pronouns from ben to onlar, and what surprises most learners: o has no gender, siz is also polite, and the verb ending often makes the pronoun unnecessary.
50. To be: personal endings on nouns and adjectivesTurkish grammarTurkish has no word for “am” or “are”: the ending does the work. Build öğrenciyim, öğrencisin and öğrenciyiz and see when the y appears.
51. değil: I am not, it is notTurkish grammarLearn how değil negates nouns and adjectives, why the person ending sits on değil (değilim, değilsin) and not on the noun, and how verbs are negated instead.
52. mi, mı, mu, mü: yes/no questionsTurkish grammarTurn a Turkish statement into a yes/no question with the particle mi, mı, mu or mü: choose its vowel, put it after the right word and add the person ending.
53. Question words: ne, kim, nerede, nasıl, kaçTurkish grammarNe, kim, nerede, nasıl and kaç ask about things, people, places, manner and number: put them where the answer would stand, and never add mi.
54. bu, şu, o: this, that and he or sheTurkish grammarWhich Turkish word means this, which means that, and when is it he or she? Learn bu, şu and o, their plurals bunlar, şunlar and onlar, and why the noun carries the plural.
55. var and yok: there is, there is notTurkish grammarSay what exists and what is missing in Turkish with var and yok: a place in the locative, the thing, then one word, and a question with var mı.
56. Present continuous: what is happening nowTurkish grammarSay what is going on right now with -yor: geliyorum, okuyorum, başlıyorum. Covers the narrow vowel, the lost final a or e, and the person endings.
57. I am not doing it: -mıyor / -miyor / -muyor / -müyorTurkish grammarTurn gidiyorum into gitmiyorum: where the negative goes, why its vowel changes before -yor, and how to ask Gelmiyor musun? with the question word written apart.
58. Known objects: -(y)ı / -(y)i / -(y)u / -(y)üTurkish grammarA specific object takes the accusative -ı/-i/-u/-ü (kitabı okuyorum), a general one stays bare (kitap okuyorum), because Turkish has no word for 'the'.
59. Going to and giving to: the dative in sentencesTurkish grammarThe dative suffix marks where a movement ends and who receives something. See why the goal can never be left bare and why words ending in a vowel add a y.
60. Where and from where: -de and -den in a sentenceTurkish grammarSay where you are and where you come from: -de/-da for staying, -den/-dan for leaving, also when the place is a person, as in Ali'de and bende.
61. Saying “I have”: kitabım varTurkish grammarSay what you have in Turkish without a verb for have: the owner in the genitive, the thing with a possessive ending, then var or yok, as in Benim kitabım var.
62. Adjectives before nouns: güzel bir evTurkish grammarIn Turkish the adjective comes first and never takes an ending: büyük evlerde, güzel bir ev. See where bir goes and why ev büyük is a whole sentence.
63. Numbers and quantities: the noun stays singularTurkish grammarAfter üç, on, kaç, birkaç or çok a Turkish noun stays singular: iki kitap. See why the number already carries the plural and when -ler/-lar still appears.
64. Commands and polite requests: gel, gelinTurkish grammarTell one friend gel, but say gelin to a stranger or a group. See how Turkish builds commands from the bare verb stem, and why git becomes gidin.
65. Wanting and needing: istemek and lazımTurkish grammarAsk for tea, say you want to leave, tell a friend you need money: istiyorum for wanting, bana lazım for needing, and how the two sentences are built.
66. ile: with, by means of and “and”Turkish grammarWho did you go with, and how? Learn ile for company, vehicles and tools, the attached forms arkadaşımla and otobüsle, and why benimle replaces ben ile.
67. Joining sentences: ve, ama, veya, çünküTurkish grammarBread and cheese, cold but sunny, home or work: join words and sentences with ve, ama and veya, and give a reason with çünkü.
68. Liking and disliking: sevmek and hoşlanmakTurkish grammarSevmek takes the accusative and hoşlanmak the ablative. Learn to say what you like and dislike in Turkish, from Kahveyi seviyorum to Kediden hoşlanmıyorum.
69. Simple past with -di: what happenedTurkish grammarDün geldim, dün gittim: report finished events in Turkish by adding -di to the bare verb stem and a person ending, with time words such as dün and az önce.
70. Simple past: gitmedim and gittin mi?Turkish grammarAsk Gittin mi?, answer Gitmedim: how the Turkish past takes -me, the person endings and a bare mi, with the question word written apart.
71. Time phrases: today, at three, on SaturdayTurkish grammarBugün and yarın need no ending, but a clock time does: saat üçte. See how Turkish says today, at three and on Saturday without extra little words.
72. evet and hayır: answering yes/no questionsTurkish grammarDoes evet mean yes or no after Kahve içmiyor musun? Learn to answer negative questions in Turkish: evet agrees with the question, hayır rejects it.
73. olmak: to be, to becomeTurkish verbsOlmak means 'become' and 'happen', and gives 'be' only outside the present. Study its forms and see why 'I am a student' needs no olmak at all.
74. gelmek: to comeTurkish verbsThe stem gel- never changes, but the k of the future -ecek softens to ğ before a vowel: gelecek, geleceğim. Present, past and future forms of gelmek.
75. gitmek: to go, and why git- turns into gid-Turkish verbsGitmek means to go, but its stem changes: gidiyorum, gideceğim, yet gittim and gitmiyor. See when t turns into d and which case marks where you go.
76. yapmak: to do, to makeTurkish verbsDo homework, do sport, have breakfast, go shopping: see how yapmak takes -ıyor and -tı in six persons, and why it is yaptım and never yapdım.
77. yemek: to eat, yiyorum and yedimTurkish verbsEat in Turkish: why the stem ye- turns into yi- in yiyorum, but stays ye- in yedim and yemiyorum, plus yemek as a noun for the meal itself.
78. içmek: to drink and to smokeTurkish verbsTea, water, soup and cigarettes all take one Turkish verb. See içmek in the present, past, future and negative, and why içtim has a t.
79. almak: to buy, to get, to takeTurkish verbsHow almak (to buy, get, take) works: a regular stem al-, the k of -acak turning into ğ in alacağım, and why a photo or a bus ride takes a different verb.
80. vermek: to giveTurkish verbsWho gets what? See how vermek puts the receiver in -e/-a and how its stem takes -iyor, -di and -ecek, including the softening in vereceğim.
81. görmek: to seeTurkish verbsThe ö of görmek rounds the endings that follow it: görüyorum and gördüm, not göriyorum. Present, past and future forms of görmek, to see.
82. bakmak: to look at, to look afterTurkish verbsBakmak means to look at, and whatever you look at takes the dative. Its present, past and future forms, with baktım and bakacağız explained.
83. istemek: to want, to ask forTurkish verbsConjugate istemek in the present, negative and past, say what you want, and put a second verb before it as in gitmek istiyorum.
84. sevmek: to love, to like, with -i on the objectTurkish verbsSay who or what you love or like: sevmek needs its object marked with -i (seni, kediyi). Present, past, future and negative forms, with seveceğim.
85. bilmek: to know a fact, not a personTurkish verbsBilmek is for facts, answers and skills; for someone you have met Turkish says tanımak. See all forms of bilmek in the present, the past and the negative.
86. konuşmak: to speak and to talk with someoneTurkish verbsTalk with a friend, speak Turkish, stay quiet in a meeting: konuşmak marks the other person with ile, -le or -la. Present, past, future and negative forms.
87. okumak: to read, to studyTurkish verbsKitap okuyorum, okudum, okuyacağım: see why a vowel-final stem adds y before -acak, and how okumak also means to study at school or university.
88. yazmak: to write, and why it is yazdım, not yaztımTurkish verbsYazmak is regular, yet its z is voiced: yazıyorum, yazdım, yazacağım. See the vowel before -yor, the d of the past, and how to say what you write and where.
89. oturmak: to sit, to liveTurkish verbsSitting down or living somewhere? Oturuyorum covers both. Learn oturmak in three tenses and when its place takes -de/-da or -e/-a.
90. çalışmak: to work, to studyTurkish verbsÇalışmak covers a job, homework and a lift that runs: the workplace in -da, ders çalışmak for study, and why the past is çalıştım, not çalışdım.
91. uyumak: to sleep, to fall asleepTurkish verbsThe stem uyu- ends in a vowel, which shapes every ending: uyuyorum, uyudum, uyuyacağım, uyumuyorum. Plus how uyumak differs from yatmak, going to bed.
92. anlamak: to understand, to get itTurkish verbsAnlıyorum, not anlayorum: the final a of anla- drops before -ıyor. See anlamak in the present, past, future and negative, with examples.
93. ev: house and home with every endingTurkish nounsWhy ev keeps its v and takes front-vowel endings (evler, evde, evim), and how eve and evde come to mean going home and being at home.
94. kitap (book): kitabım, kitaba, kitaptaTurkish nounsThe p at the end of kitap turns into b in kitabım and kitaba but stays in kitapta and kitaplar: see every form and which endings cause the change.
95. su (water): suyu, suyun, suya and the yTurkish nounsLearn how the noun su takes its endings: why it is suya and suyu with a y, why the genitive is suyun and not sunun, and which forms stay plain, as in suda and sudan.
96. ekmek: bread and the k that turns into ğTurkish nounsWhy bread is ekmeği and ekmeğim but ekmekler and ekmekte: the final k softens to ğ only before a vowel, shown on one everyday noun.
97. araba: the car and its endingsTurkish nounsWhy araba becomes arabayı and arabaya but arabam and arabası: how a noun ending in a vowel handles every case and possessive ending.
98. okul: school, with every ending it takesTurkish nounsLearn how okul (school) takes plural, possessive and case endings, as in okullar, okulum, okulda and okula, and why okulu can mean two different things.
99. arkadaş: the word for friend and its endingsTurkish nounsWhy arkadaş takes -ta and -tan instead of -da and -dan, why its ş never changes, and how plural, possessive and case endings stack: arkadaşlarımızdan.
100. çay: tea and its endingsTurkish nounsThe noun çay (tea) with the plural, accusative, dative, locative, ablative and possessive endings, and why it is çaya and çayı, never çayya.
101. kedi (cat): kedim, kediye, kedisiTurkish nounsKedim, kediye, kediyi or kedisi? See how a noun ending in i adds y, n or s before a vowel ending, why it is never kediim, and every case and possessive form.
102. masa (table): masaya, masayı, masasıTurkish nounsWhere does the y in masaya and masayı come from? See how the noun masa (table) takes every common ending after its final vowel, and why masası is not masayı.
103. oda (room): odada, odaya, odası, oda daTurkish nounsOdada or oda da? One written word means 'in the room', the other 'the room too'. Plus every ending of oda, with the buffers y and s: odaya, odayı, odası.
104. para: money and its endingsTurkish nounsParam yok, Para biriktiriyorum, Parayı bıraktım: how para (money) takes -ya, -yı, -m and -sı, and when a general sum stays bare.
105. saat: clock, watch and hour in TurkishTurkish nounsSee how saat names a clock, a watch or an hour, and practise the exceptional endings in saati and saatler.
106. yastık: pillow and its softened formsTurkish nounsLearn the Turkish word yastık and see why its final k becomes ğ in yastığı and yastığım, with examples and practice.
107. bavul: suitcase and rounded-vowel endingsTurkish nounsLearn bavul, the Turkish word for suitcase, and practise the rounded endings in bavulum and bavulu with examples.
108. kilit: lock and the change from t to dTurkish nounsLearn kilit, the Turkish word for a lock, and practise the t-to-d change in kilidi and kilidim with examples.
109. havlu: towel and its buffer consonantsTurkish nounsLearn the Turkish word havlu and distinguish havluyu, havlum and havlusu when adding case and possessive endings.
110. pasaport: passport and its unchanged tTurkish nounsLearn pasaport, the Turkish word for passport, and practise why t stays in pasaportu and pasaportum before a vowel.
111. yağmur: rain and talking about wet weatherTurkish nounsLearn yağmur, the Turkish word for rain, and distinguish yağmur yağıyor, yağmurda and yağmurdan in context.
112. çekmece: drawer and vowel-final endingsTurkish nounsLearn çekmece, the Turkish word for drawer, and practise çekmeceyi, çekmecem and çekmecede in useful sentences.
113. takvim: calendar and marking datesTurkish nounsLearn takvim, the Turkish word for calendar, and practise takvimi, takvimim and takvimde when discussing dates.
114. cüzdan: wallet and the final vowelTurkish nounsLearn cüzdan, the Turkish word for wallet, and practise the back-vowel endings in cüzdanı and cüzdanım.
115. musluk: tap, faucet and its changing kTurkish nounsLearn musluk for a water tap and distinguish the softened forms musluğu and musluğum from musluktan.
116. şemsiye: umbrella and vowel-final endingsTurkish nounsLearn şemsiye, the Turkish word for umbrella, and distinguish şemsiyeyi, şemsiyem and şemsiyesi in rainy weather.
117. sabun: soap and everyday formsTurkish nounsLearn sabun for soap and use sabunu, sabunum and sabunlar in washing and shopping contexts.
118. ayna: mirror and its vowel-stem endingsTurkish nounsLearn ayna for mirror and practise aynayı, aynam and aynası with useful everyday examples.
119. bulut: cloud and weather descriptionsTurkish nounsLearn bulut for cloud, practise bulutlar and bulutu, and describe what clouds do in the sky.
120. tren: train and station languageTurkish nounsLearn tren for train and practise treni, trenler and trenden in travel situations.
121. radyo: radio and listening expressionsTurkish nounsLearn radyo for radio and practise radyoyu, radyoda and radyodan in listening contexts.
122. çadır: tent and camping languageTurkish nounsLearn çadır for tent and practise çadırı, çadırda and çadırdan while talking about camping.
123. pantolon: trying on trousersTurkish nounsLearn pantolon for trousers and practise pantolonu, pantolonum and the singular after a number while shopping.
124. etek: a skirt and its fabricTurkish nounsLearn etek for a skirt and practise eteği, eteğim and etekler while describing clothes in a shop and wardrobe.
125. elbise: choosing a dressTurkish nounsLearn elbise for a dress and practise elbiseyi, elbisem and elbisenin while discussing a wedding outfit and colour.
126. ceket: a jacket and its pocketTurkish nounsLearn ceket for a jacket and practise ceketi, ceketim and cekette while talking about fit, a hanger and a pocket.
127. mont: a coat for cold weatherTurkish nounsLearn mont for a coat or outdoor jacket and practise montu, montum and montta while talking about warmth and pockets.
128. kazak: a sweater for cold weatherTurkish nounsLearn kazak for a sweater and practise kazağı, kazağım and kazaklar when describing wool, sleeves and storage.
129. tişört: a T-shirt and its fitTurkish nounsLearn tişört for a T-shirt and practise tişörtü, tişörtüm and tişörtte while discussing laundry, fit and a stain.
130. çorap: socks in pairsTurkish nounsLearn çorap for a sock and practise çorapları, çorabım and bir çift çorap while talking about laundry.
131. şapka: a hat and its brimTurkish nounsLearn şapka for a hat and practise şapkayı, şapkam and şapkanın while discussing fit, protection and a brim.
132. bere: a knit cap for cold weatherTurkish nounsLearn bere for a knit cap and practise bereyi, berem and bereler while describing warmth, fit and storage.
133. atkı: a scarf around the neckTurkish nounsLearn atkı for a scarf and practise atkıyı, atkım and atkılar while describing warmth, wool and storage.
134. eldiven: gloves in pairsTurkish nounsLearn eldiven for a glove and practise eldivenleri, eldivenim and bir çift eldiven while discussing warmth and laundry.
135. kemer: a belt and its buckleTurkish nounsLearn kemer for a belt and practise kemeri, kemerim and kemerin while describing fit, a buckle and a seat belt.
136. düğme: a button on clothingTurkish nounsLearn düğme for a button and practise düğmeyi, düğmem and düğmenin while describing sewing and holes in the button.
137. fermuar: opening and closing a zipperTurkish nounsLearn fermuar for a zipper and practise fermuarı, fermuarım and fermuarın while describing its movement and teeth.
138. cep: a pocket for small itemsTurkish nounsLearn cep for a pocket and practise cebi, cepte and cebin while looking for a key or finding a note.
139. kumaş: fabric for sewingTurkish nounsLearn kumaş for fabric and practise kumaşı, kumaşım and kumaşla while cutting and sewing material.
140. pamuk: cotton as a materialTurkish nounsLearn pamuk for cotton and practise pamuğu, pamuktan and pamukla through clothes and filling a cushion.
141. yün: wool for a warm scarfTurkish nounsUse yün for wool when describing a sweater or knitting, and distinguish yünü, yünden and yünle.
142. terlik: a slipper for homeTurkish nounsLearn terlik for a slipper and practise terliği, terliğim and iki terlik when talking about footwear.
143. bot: a boot for wet weatherTurkish nounsUse bot for a boot when discussing rain and cleaning, and practise botu, botum and iki bot in context.
144. çizme: a boot for the gardenTurkish nounsLearn çizme for a boot and practise çizmeyi, çizmem and çizmelere when describing washing and drying footwear.
145. pijama: clothes for sleepingTurkish nounsLearn pijama for sleepwear and practise pijamayı, pijamam and pijamanın while describing a bedtime routine.
146. kravat: a tie for a meetingTurkish nounsLearn kravat for a tie and practise kravatı, kravatın and kravata when describing its colour or a spill.
147. domates: a tomato for a saladTurkish nounsUse domates for tomato in a salad or soup and practise domatesi, iki domates and domatesin with food.
148. salatalık: cucumber for a sauceTurkish nounsLearn salatalık for cucumber and practise salatalığı, salatalığın and salatalıkla when preparing food.
149. patates: potato for a warm soupTurkish nounsLearn patates for potato while cooking and practise patatesi, üç patates and patatesten in context.
150. soğan: onion for cookingTurkish nounsLearn soğan for onion and practise soğanı, iki soğan and soğanın while chopping and cooking a meal.
151. limon: lemon for tea and sauceTurkish nounsLearn limon for lemon and practise limonu, iki limon and limonla while preparing tea and a sauce.
152. portakal: an orange for breakfastTurkish nounsLearn portakal for orange and practise portakalı, üç portakal and portakaldan while peeling fruit and making juice.
153. muz: banana for breakfastTurkish nounsLearn muz for banana and practise muzu, iki muz and muzun while preparing a snack or breakfast.
154. armut: pears, ripeness and shoppingTurkish nounsLearn armut for pear, the object form armudu and counting with üç armut through market and kitchen examples.
155. çilek: strawberries and the forms çileği, çileğeTurkish nounsPractise çilek for strawberry, çileği as an object and çileğe for adding something, with fruit quantities and explained exercises.
156. üzüm: grapes, bunches and raisinsTurkish nounsLearn üzüm for grapes, bir salkım üzüm for a bunch and kuru üzüm for raisins, with shopping examples and object-form practice.
157. pirinç: rice as an ingredient and pirinciTurkish nounsLearn pirinç for rice, pirinci and pirince for kitchen actions, and measured amounts such as bir bardak pirinç.
158. makarna: pasta, sauces and ingredientsTurkish nounsUse makarna for pasta and practise makarnayı, makarnaya and makarnada while describing cooking, sauces and ingredients.
159. yumurta: eggs, cartons and asking about ingredientsTurkish nounsLearn yumurta for egg, yumurtayı for a specific object and altı yumurta for counting, with breakfast and ingredient questions.
160. zeytin: olives, colours and breakfast quantitiesTurkish nounsLearn zeytin for olive, zeytini for a specific object and beş zeytin for counting, with green and black olive examples.
161. bal: honey, spoonfuls and jarsTurkish nounsLearn bal for honey and the forms balı, bala and balda, using spoonfuls, jars and simple sentences about taste and preparation.
162. yoğurt: yogurt, additions and the form yoğurttaTurkish nounsPractise yoğurt for yogurt, yoğurdu and yoğurda before vowel endings, and yoğurtta for what is in a yogurt.
163. tereyağı: butter and the linking nTurkish nounsLearn tereyağı for butter and practise tereyağını, tereyağına and tereyağında, with spreading, additions and ingredient examples.
164. şeker: sugar, sweets and coffee without sugarTurkish nounsLearn şeker for sugar or a sweet, şekeri for a specific object and şekersiz for without sugar, with spoonfuls and drink orders.
165. tuz: salt, a pinch and the form tuzsuzTurkish nounsLearn tuz for salt, tuzu for a specific object and tuzsuz for without salt, with table requests and small measured amounts.
166. sandalye: chair and its endingsTurkish nounsLearn sandalye for a chair, then use sandalyeyi, sandalyem and sandalye after a number in everyday contexts.
167. koltuk: armchair or seatTurkish nounsUse koltuk for an armchair or a vehicle seat and practise koltukta, koltuğu and possessive koltuğum in context.
168. yatak: bed and softened formsTurkish nounsUse yatak for a bed or mattress, practise yatağım and yatakta, and learn the everyday phrase yatağı toplamak.
169. dolap: cupboard and wardrobeTurkish nounsLearn dolap for storage furniture and practise dolabı, dolapta and dolabın through cupboards, shelves and clothing.
170. raf: a shelf and its casesTurkish nounsDescribe a shelf with raf, practise the locative rafta and ablative raftan, and distinguish its specific object form rafı.
171. halı: rug, ownership and locationTurkish nounsLearn halı for a rug or carpet and use halıyı, halım and halıda in sentences about cleaning and a room.
172. perde: curtains and window lightTurkish nounsLearn perde for a curtain and use perdeyi, perdem and the singular after a number while describing a room.
173. battaniye: blanket and its formsTurkish nounsTalk about a blanket with battaniye, practise battaniyeyi and battaniyem, and name two blankets without a plural suffix.
174. çarşaf: bed sheet and its formsTurkish nounsLearn çarşaf for a bed sheet and practise çarşafı, çarşafım and counted singular forms while discussing laundry.
175. lamba: lamp and lightTurkish nounsLearn lamba for a lamp and practise lambayı, lambam and a singular noun after a number in lighting contexts.
176. ampul: a light bulbTurkish nounsLearn ampul for a light bulb, distinguish it from lamba, and practise ampulü, ampulüm and counted singular nouns.
177. priz: electrical socket and directionTurkish nounsLearn priz for an electrical socket, and distinguish prize for movement towards it from prizden for movement away.
178. fiş: receipt or electrical plugTurkish nounsLearn the two common meanings of fiş, receipt and electrical plug, and practise fişi, fişim and fişte in context.
179. kablo: cable and its formsTurkish nounsLearn kablo for a cable and practise kabloyu, kablom and the singular after numbers in everyday device contexts.
180. süpürge: broom or vacuum cleanerTurkish nounsLearn süpürge for a broom, recognise elektrik süpürgesi as a vacuum cleaner, and practise süpürgeyi and süpürgem.
181. çöp: rubbish, sorting and locationTurkish nounsLearn çöp for rubbish and distinguish çöpü, çöpte and çöpten when talking about sorting and taking it out.
182. sepet: basket and directionTurkish nounsLearn sepet for a basket and distinguish sepeti, sepete and sepetim when carrying or filling a basket.
183. kova: bucket and directionTurkish nounsLearn kova for a bucket and distinguish kovaya, kovadan and kovam when filling or using a bucket of water.
184. ütü: an iron and ironingTurkish nounsLearn ütü for a clothes iron and ironing, and practise ütüyü, ütüm and the singular after a number.
185. mandal: a clothes pegTurkish nounsLearn mandal for a clothes peg and use mandalı, mandalım and mandallar when talking about hanging laundry.
186. tavan: the ceiling inside a roomTurkish nounsLearn tavan for an interior ceiling, distinguish it from çatı, and practise tavanı, tavanda and tavanın.
187. yorgan: quilt and beddingTurkish nounsLearn yorgan for a quilt or duvet and practise yorganı, yorganım and the singular after a number in bedding contexts.
188. ocak: stove and JanuaryTurkish nounsLearn ocak for a stove, distinguish the month Ocak from the noun, and practise ocağı, ocakta and ocağım.
189. paspas: doormat or mopTurkish nounsLearn paspas for a doormat or mop and practise paspası, paspasım and the singular after a number in context.
190. ağaç: a tree in the gardenTurkish nounsLearn ağaç for a tree and practise ağacı, ağaçta and ağacın in sentences about planting, nesting and shade.
191. çiçek: a flower in the gardenTurkish nounsLearn çiçek for a flower and practise çiçeği, çiçeğe and çiçekler while describing flowers and watering.
192. yaprak: a leaf and its edgeTurkish nounsLearn yaprak for a leaf, practise yaprağı and yapraklar, and describe its edge using yaprağın kenarı.
193. dal: a branch on a treeTurkish nounsLearn dal for a branch and practise dalı, dalda and dalın while describing a bird and a leaf on a branch.
194. kök: the root of a plantTurkish nounsLearn kök for a plant root and practise kökü, kökler and kökte while describing roots under the soil.
195. orman: to, in and from the forestTurkish nounsLearn orman for forest and contrast ormana, ormanda and ormandan when describing a walk and a return home.
196. dağ: a mountain and its summitTurkish nounsLearn dağ for a mountain, using dağa, dağda and dağdan to describe climbing, being on it and coming down.
197. tepe: a hill and the view from itTurkish nounsLearn tepe for a hill and practise tepeye, tepede and tepeden while describing a climb, play and a view.
198. nehir: a river and its changing stemTurkish nounsLearn nehir for a river and practise nehri, nehre and nehirde, noticing vowel loss before vowel-initial endings.
199. göl: a lake and its surfaceTurkish nounsLearn göl for a lake and practise gölü, gölde and gölün while describing water, fish and the lake’s surface.
200. deniz: the sea in summerTurkish nounsLearn deniz for the sea and practise denize, denizde and denizin when talking about a visit, swimming and colour.
201. ada: arriving on an islandTurkish nounsLearn ada for an island and practise adaya, adada and adanın while describing a boat trip and the shore.
202. sahil: a walk along the shoreTurkish nounsLearn sahil for a shore or coast and practise sahile, sahilde and sahilden while describing a walk and a view.
203. kum: sand at the shoreTurkish nounsLearn kum for sand and practise kumu, kumla and kumda while describing a bucket, a castle and small shells.
204. taş: a stone and its surfaceTurkish nounsLearn taş for a stone and practise taşı, taşta and taşın while describing a stone, a mark and a place to rest.
205. toprak: soil for plantsTurkish nounsLearn toprak for soil and practise toprağı, toprakta and topraktan while describing seeds, roots and rain.
206. çimen: grass in a park or gardenTurkish nounsLearn çimen for grass and practise çimene, çimende and çimeni while talking about watering, play and rain.
207. tohum: a seed and its coatTurkish nounsLearn tohum for a seed and practise tohumu, tohumlar and tohumun while describing planting and a seed’s coat.
208. güneş: the sun and its lightTurkish nounsLearn güneş for the sun and practise güneşi, güneşten and güneşin when talking about sunlight and a hat.
209. yıldız: a star in the night skyTurkish nounsLearn yıldız for a star and practise yıldızı, yıldızlar and yıldızın while describing a clear night and starlight.
210. rüzgâr: wind and its soundTurkish nounsLearn rüzgâr for wind and practise rüzgârı, rüzgârdan and rüzgârın while describing how it feels and sounds.
211. kar: snow in winterTurkish nounsLearn kar for snow and practise karı, karda and karın while describing clearing snow, playing and tracks.
212. buz: ice in a glass or outdoorsTurkish nounsLearn buz for ice and practise buzu, buzda and buzun when describing a glass, movement on ice and its surface.
213. sis: fog and reduced visibilityTurkish nounsLearn sis for fog and practise sisi, sisle and siste while describing visibility and movement through fog.
214. çekiç: hammer and consonant changeTurkish nounsLearn çekiç for a hammer and practise çekici, çekicim and the singular after a number in a tool context.
215. tornavida: screwdriver and tool useTurkish nounsLearn tornavida for a screwdriver and practise tornavidayı, tornavidayla and tornavidam while describing a tool.
216. vida: a screwTurkish nounsLearn vida for a screw, distinguish it from çivi, and practise vidayı, vidam and the singular after a number.
217. çivi: a nail and its formsTurkish nounsLearn çivi for a metal nail, distinguish it from vida, and practise çiviyi, çivim and the singular after a number.
218. pense: pliers and tool useTurkish nounsLearn pense for pliers and practise penseyi, penseyle and pensem while describing a tool used to grip something.
219. makas: scissors and tool useTurkish nounsLearn makas for scissors and practise makası, makasla and makasım while describing a tool used to cut.
220. bıçak: knife and tool useTurkish nounsLearn bıçak for a knife and practise bıçağı, bıçakla and bıçağım while describing a tool used to cut bread.
221. matkap: drill and tool useTurkish nounsLearn matkap for a drill and practise matkabı, matkapla and matkabın in contexts of repair and equipment.
222. testere: saw and tool useTurkish nounsLearn testere for a saw and practise testereyi, testereyle and testerem while describing a tool used to cut a board.
223. metre: length and measuring toolTurkish nounsLearn metre as a unit of length and a measuring tool; practise metreyi, metreyle and the singular after a number.
224. cetvel: ruler for measuring and drawingTurkish nounsLearn the Turkish word cetvel for a ruler, and practise naming a specific ruler, drawing with it and owning one.
225. ip: string for tying and packingTurkish nounsLearn the Turkish noun ip for string or cord and practise ipi, ipim and the singular noun after a number.
226. halat: a rope for a boatTurkish nounsLearn halat, a thick rope or hawser, with halatı, halatla and halatımız in useful boating examples.
227. zincir: a chain and its linksTurkish nounsLearn zincir for a chain, practise zinciri and zincirle, and describe its links with zincirin halkaları.
228. bant: adhesive tape for packingTurkish nounsLearn bant for adhesive tape; practise bandı, bantla and the change from t to d in vowel-initial forms.
229. yapıştırıcı: glue for joining materialsTurkish nounsLearn yapıştırıcı for glue, with yapıştırıcıyı and yapıştırıcıyla, and practise the linking y before vowel endings.
230. fırça: a brush for paintingTurkish nounsLearn fırça for a brush, distinguish fırçayı and fırçayla, and describe the handle with fırçanın sapı.
231. kask: a helmet for cyclingTurkish nounsLearn kask for a protective helmet, and practise kaskı, kaskım and kaskın when talking about its strap.
232. hortum: a garden hose or an elephant’s trunkTurkish nounsLearn hortum as a hose and an elephant’s trunk; practise hortumu, hortumla and the context that distinguishes meanings.
233. tel: metal wire in the gardenTurkish nounsLearn tel for a strand of metal wire; use teli, telle and telin when describing a plant support and its end.
234. kürek: a shovel or an oarTurkish nounsLearn kürek for a shovel or oar; practise küreği, kürekle and küreğin while distinguishing the meanings in context.
235. kazma: a pickaxe for hard groundTurkish nounsLearn kazma for a pickaxe, practising kazmayı, kazmayla and kazmanın when describing the tool and its handle.
236. fener: flashlight and lighthouseTurkish nounsLearn fener for a portable light and deniz feneri for a lighthouse; practise feneri and fenerle in context.
237. pil: batteries for everyday devicesTurkish nounsLearn pil for a battery, practise pili and piller, and use the singular after a number in iki pil.
238. sarımsak: garlic, cloves and softened kTurkish nounsPractise sarımsak for garlic, count cloves and form sarımsağı and sarımsağa before vowel endings.
239. havuç: carrot and its softened formsTurkish nounsLearn havuç for carrot, prepare a salad and form havucu and havuca before vowel endings.
240. biber: peppers, heat and countingTurkish nounsLearn biber for peppers, describe their heat and use biberi, biberler and iki biber in food contexts.
241. patlıcan: aubergines in the kitchenTurkish nounsLearn patlıcan for aubergine, talk about roasting and use patlıcanı, patlıcanlar and iki patlıcan.
242. kabak: courgette and softened kTurkish nounsLearn kabak for courgette, describe slicing and yogurt, and form kabağı and kabağa before vowel endings.
243. büyük: describing something big in TurkishTurkish adjectivesA large room, a bag and trees show how büyük describes size before a noun or as a predicate.
244. küçük: small things and small problems in TurkishTurkish adjectivesKeys, cups and minor problems illustrate küçük in Turkish, including its place before nouns.
245. uzun: length and duration in TurkishTurkish adjectivesA long rope, film and shirt sleeves reveal how uzun describes physical length and time in Turkish.
246. kısa: short length and duration in TurkishTurkish adjectivesBrief messages, short breaks and sleeves illustrate how kısa describes limited length or time.
247. sıcak: hot weather, food and warm welcomesTurkish adjectivesTea, weather and a smile show how sıcak describes heat and, figuratively, a warm manner in Turkish.
248. soğuk: cold things and weather in TurkishTurkish adjectivesCold milk, hands and winter weather illustrate soğuk as a state and contrast it with getting colder.
249. kolay: describing easy tasks in TurkishTurkish adjectivesRecipes, questions and games show how kolay describes something easy before a noun or as a predicate.
250. zor: difficult tasks and situations in TurkishTurkish adjectivesQuestions, exams and a heavy bag show how zor describes difficulty rather than physical weight.
251. açık: open, clear and light in TurkishTurkish adjectivesDoors, a clear answer and a light-blue bag show three common meanings of the Turkish adjective açık.
252. kapalı: closed places and overcast skiesTurkish adjectivesA library, box and cloudy sky show how kapalı describes a closed state or overcast weather.
253. güzel: beautiful and pleasant in TurkishTurkish adjectivesA garden, song and pleasant evening show how güzel describes beauty and enjoyable experiences.
254. iyi: good ideas and feeling well in TurkishTurkish adjectivesNeighbours, ideas and wellbeing show how iyi expresses goodness and how iyiyim says that I am well.
255. kötü: bad conditions and feeling unwell in TurkishTurkish adjectivesWeather, news and personal feelings show how kötü describes something bad or an unpleasant state.
256. mutlu: talking about happiness in TurkishTurkish adjectivesFeelings, family and good news show how mutlu describes happiness and how mutluyum expresses “I am happy”.
257. üzgün: sadness and saying sorry in TurkishTurkish adjectivesFeelings and an apology show how üzgün describes sadness and how üzgünüm can express regret.
258. yeni: new things and new experiences in TurkishTurkish adjectivesA notebook, neighbours and a word you have just learned show how yeni describes what is new.
259. eski: old objects and former roles in TurkishTurkish adjectivesA clock, photographs and a former teacher reveal how eski describes age or a previous role.
260. genç: describing young people and trees in TurkishTurkish adjectivesA teacher, musician and young trees show how genç describes age without implying someone is new.
261. yaşlı: describing older living things in TurkishTurkish adjectivesA neighbour, grandfather and old tree show how yaşlı describes a living being of advanced age.
262. pahalı: describing expensive things in TurkishTurkish adjectivesShoes, a ticket and a hotel illustrate pahalı for a price that feels high in context.
263. ucuz: describing low prices in TurkishTurkish adjectivesA ticket, restaurant and market stall illustrate ucuz for a price considered low in context.
264. temiz: describing clean things in TurkishTurkish adjectivesA table, glass and fresh air show how temiz describes cleanliness before a noun or as a predicate.
265. kirli: describing dirty objects in TurkishTurkish adjectivesShoes, plates and windows illustrate kirli for objects with visible dirt or stains.
266. hızlı: fast things and actions in TurkishTurkish adjectivesA train, walking and an internet connection show how hızlı describes speed in Turkish.
267. yavaş: slow things and actions in TurkishTurkish adjectivesA bus, speaking and walking show how yavaş describes slow speed in Turkish.
268. erken: saying early in TurkishTurkish adjectivesGetting up, meetings and trains show how erken locates an action earlier in time.
269. geç: saying late in TurkishTurkish adjectivesBus arrivals, replies and classes show how geç places an event late or after the expected time.
270. yakın: near places and close friends in TurkishTurkish adjectivesSchool, a station and a close friend show how yakın describes physical or personal closeness.
271. uzak: faraway places and distant relativesTurkish adjectivesA station, village and distant relatives show how uzak describes physical distance or a family relationship.
272. dolu: full containers and busy schedulesTurkish adjectivesA glass, bus and schedule show how dolu describes something full in literal and everyday contexts.
273. boş: empty containers and free timeTurkish adjectivesAn empty box, a free seat and spare time show how boş describes space or time without contents or commitments.
274. ılık: lukewarm water and mild weatherTurkish adjectivesSoup, water and weather show how ılık describes a mildly warm temperature rather than hot or cold.
275. geniş: wide streets and spacious roomsTurkish adjectivesA street, room and bag show how geniş can describe width or spaciousness in Turkish.
276. dar: narrow spaces and tight clothingTurkish adjectivesA street, corridor and shirt show how dar describes restricted width or a tight fit in Turkish.
277. yüksek: high places, loud sound and pricesTurkish adjectivesBuildings, sound and price show how yüksek describes height or a high level in Turkish.
278. alçak: low objects and quiet voicesTurkish adjectivesA wall, shelf and quiet voice show how alçak describes a low height or low sound level in Turkish.
279. doğru: correct answers and the right roadTurkish adjectivesAnswers, an address and a road show how doğru describes accuracy or the right choice in Turkish.
280. yanlış: wrong answers, numbers and placesTurkish adjectivesAnswers, phone numbers and bus stops show how yanlış identifies something incorrect or mistaken in Turkish.
281. sağlıklı: talking about health in TurkishTurkish adjectivesA cat, tree and person illustrate sağlıklı for being healthy or in good condition.
282. çirkin: unattractive things and hurtful wordsTurkish adjectivesPatterns, stains and hurtful words show how çirkin can express an unpleasant judgment in Turkish.
283. Numbers 0 to 20: sıfır to yirmiTurkish word setsCount from sıfır to yirmi: the 21 Turkish numbers, why thirteen is on üç and never üç on, and why the noun stays singular after a number.
284. Colours: kırmızı, mavi, sarı and açık maviTurkish word setsName the eleven basic colours in Turkish, make a lighter or darker shade with açık and koyu, and spell kahverengi, kırmızı and sarı with the right letters.
285. The days of the week: pazartesi to pazarTurkish word setsLearn the seven Turkish days from pazartesi to pazar, how to say on Monday or every Friday without any ending, and why cuma and cumartesi are easy to mix up.
286. Months in Turkish: from ocak to aralıkTurkish word setsAll twelve Turkish months from ocak to aralık, and the short ending -da/-ta that makes 'in March': martta, eylülde, aralıkta. No capital letter, no apostrophe.
287. Family words: mother's side and father's sideTurkish word setsAunts, uncles and grandparents get different names depending on the side: anneanne or babaanne, amca or dayı, hala or teyze.
288. Body parts: from head to footTurkish word setsFourteen body words with their my-forms, why it is burnum and ağzım but boğazım, and how to say what hurts. Start with Başım ağrıyor.
289. Fruit names for the market and the tableTurkish word setsTen common fruits from elma to karpuz, why they stay bare in statements like Elma seviyorum, and how to keep the sweet cherry apart from the sour one.
290. Vegetables (sebzeler): buying them by weight and pieceTurkish word setsName twelve market vegetables from domates to lahana, ask for them by the kilo, bunch or piece, and see why havuç becomes havucu but soğan stays soğanı.
291. Drinks: çay, kahve, su and orderingTurkish word setsName six everyday drinks and order them the Turkish way: bir bardak çay with no plural, içmek for drinking, and the suyu in portakal suyu.
292. Breakfast foods: ekmek, peynir, zeytin and kahvaltıTurkish word setsBread, cheese, olives, eggs, jam and honey: name the Turkish breakfast table, say kahvaltı yapmak, and see why ekmek becomes ekmeğe.
293. Clothing words: giymek and takmakTurkish word setsGiymek or takmak? Twelve clothing words from gömlek to ayakkabı, and why Turkish uses one verb for shirts and shoes and another for glasses and watches.
294. Rooms of the house: mutfak, salon, yatak odasıTurkish word setsWhy the bedroom is yatak odası and not yatak oda: a dozen room words from mutfak to koridor, and the -sı that joins compounds with oda.
295. Pets and farm animals: kedim, köpeğim, kuşumTurkish word setsKedim var, köpeğim var: ten pets and farm animals, how to say you have one with the my-ending and var, and why köpek becomes köpeğim but at becomes atım.
296. Jobs and professions: from öğretmen to gazeteciTurkish word setsNe iş yapıyorsun? Name ten jobs, say what you do in one word such as doktorum, and see why Ne yapıyorsun? asks about something else.
297. I am hungry in Turkish: açım and acıktımHow to say it in TurkishSay açım when you are hungry and compare it with acıktım when hunger has started or returned.
298. I am thirsty in Turkish: susadımHow to say it in TurkishSay susadım when you become thirsty, ask susadın mı and request a glass of drinking water.
299. Hello: merhaba and selamHow to say it in TurkishLearn how to say hello in Turkish with merhaba and selam, when each one fits, how to greet a group with merhabalar, and how to pass a hello on to someone else.
300. Günaydın: saying good morning in TurkishHow to say it in TurkishGünaydın is the one word that greets anyone in the morning: how to write it, how to answer it and when to switch to iyi günler.
301. Thank you: teşekkür ederim, sağ ol, rica ederimHow to say it in TurkishSay thanks in Turkish at the right warmth, from teşekkürler and sağ ol to teşekkür ederim, name the reason with için, and answer when someone thanks you.
302. Please: lütfen and buyurunHow to say it in TurkishAsk for tea, water or a favour in Turkish with lütfen, and see why handing someone something calls for buyurun instead.
303. Sorry and excuse me: özür dilerim, pardonHow to say it in TurkishLearn when to say özür dilerim, pardon and affedersiniz: a real apology, a light excuse me, and a polite way to stop a stranger, plus the answer önemli değil.
304. Goodbye: hoşça kal and güle güleHow to say it in TurkishLearn the two Turkish goodbyes, hoşça kal for the one who leaves and güle güle for the one who stays, plus the polite hoşça kalın and the casual görüşürüz.
305. Nasılsın? How to ask how someone isHow to say it in TurkishAsk a friend nasılsın and an elder nasılsınız, then answer with iyiyim, yorgunum or kötüyüm, and see why a y appears after iyi.
306. My name is: adım and benim adımHow to say it in TurkishTurkish says 'my name is' without a verb: adım Elif. See how adım, adın and adı work, when benim joins in, and what Ben Elif'im does differently.
307. I don't understand: anlamıyorum, anlamadımHow to say it in TurkishAnlamıyorum or anlamadım? Say that you do not follow, ask for a repeat, and see why the negative present becomes -mıyor and never -mayor.
308. Yes and no: evet, hayır, var, yokHow to say it in TurkishIs there milk? Süt var mı? Turkish answers with evet and hayır, but with var and yok when the question is about being there or having. Here is how to pick the word.
309. How much is it? ne kadar and kaç liraHow to say it in TurkishNe kadar and kaç lira both ask a price, but only kaç needs a noun after it. Learn the two questions, the answer in lira and why lira stays singular.
310. Where is...? Asking with neredeHow to say it in TurkishTuvalet nerede? is the whole question: a noun plus nerede, with no verb. Learn when -sin follows, why gözlük becomes gözlüğüm, and how nereye differs.
311. Is this seat free? in TurkishHow to say it in TurkishAsk Bu koltuk boş mu? to find out whether a seat is free, and practise the separate question particle mu.
312. I am looking for... in TurkishHow to say it in TurkishUse arıyorum to say what you are looking for, choose a definite object and distinguish searching from calling by phone.
313. Greeting people by the hour: günaydın, iyi akşamlarEveryday TurkishPick the right Turkish greeting for the hour, from günaydın to iyi akşamlar, answer hoş geldiniz with hoş bulduk, and see why iyi geceler is never a hello.
314. Introducing yourself: name and memnun oldumEveryday TurkishSay who you are with Benim adım… or Ben …-(y)im, ask a name politely, and close with memnun oldum. Two patterns, and the slip of mixing them.
315. Asking how someone is (Nasılsın?)Everyday TurkishPick between nasılsın and nasılsınız, then answer with iyiyim, hastayım or yorgunum, and see why a y appears when the word ends in a vowel.
316. Please, thank you, sorry: lütfen, teşekkür, özür, ricaEveryday TurkishSay please, thank you, sorry and you're welcome in Turkish: lütfen, teşekkür ederim, özür dilerim and rica ederim, and who uses which with whom.
317. Saying goodbye: hoşça kal, güle güle, iyi gecelerEveryday TurkishWho says hoşça kal and who answers güle güle? Part from someone in Turkish by day and by night, and see why the two farewells cannot swap places.
318. Asking someone to repeat or speak slowlyEveryday TurkishSay you did not catch something and politely ask a stranger to say it again, more slowly or in writing, with anlamadım and tekrar eder misiniz.
319. Where are you from? Where do you live?Everyday TurkishSay where you are from and where you live: Nerelisin?, Almanya'danım, Berlin'de yaşıyorum, and why -den names your origin while -de names the place you are in now.
320. Spelling your name and phone numberEveryday TurkishSay a name letter by letter with the Turkish letter names such as ye, ve and yumuşak ge, tell ı from i, and read out a phone number digit by digit.
321. Ordering tea and coffee: bir çay lütfenEveryday TurkishOrder tea, coffee and the bill in Turkish: bir çay lütfen, counting with bardak and fincan, asking politely with alabilir miyim, and saying "with milk" or "without sugar".
322. Ordering a meal: lütfen, istiyorum, alabilir miyimEveryday TurkishOrder food in a Turkish restaurant: ask for the menu, name a dish with lütfen or istiyorum, ask for the bill, and see when hesap becomes hesabı.
323. Asking the price: kaç lira?Everyday TurkishBu kaç lira? or Ne kadar? Two Turkish ways to ask what something costs, how to read the number in the answer, and why lira never takes a plural.
324. Buying at a market or shop: a kilo of tomatoes, pleaseEveryday TurkishAsk for goods by quantity, check the total and take your change in Turkish, and see why the item stays bare after a measure such as a kilo.
325. Asking the way: nerede and sağa dönünEveryday TurkishAsk where a place is with nerede, follow short directions such as düz gidin and sağa dönün, and see why turning right takes -a instead of -da.
326. Buying a ticket: bir bilet lütfenEveryday TurkishAnkara'ya bir bilet lütfen: buy a bus or metro ticket in Turkish, ask the time and the platform, and see why the city takes -a and not -da.
327. Asking and telling the time: saat kaç?Everyday TurkishIs it saat kaç? or saat kaçta? Ask the time, say three o'clock and half past three, and add -te/-ta to say when something happens.
328. Meeting a neighbour: yeni komşunuzumEveryday TurkishIntroduce yourself as the new neighbour with yeni komşunuzum, ask which floor someone lives on, and wish a mover well with hayırlı olsun, all in the polite siz forms.
329. Talking about your family: annem, kardeşim, varEveryday TurkishAnnem and kardeşim mean my mother and my sibling. Learn the -m ending, count relatives with var and yok, and ask Kaç kardeşin var? back.
330. Talking about your job or studiesEveryday TurkishNe iş yapıyorsun? Answer with a job and a person ending, as in öğretmenim, and name the place with the locative: hastanede çalışıyorum.
331. Asking for help: yardım eder misiniz, tuvalet neredeEveryday TurkishBana yardım eder misiniz? Ask for help with the person in the dative, find the toilet with nerede and say bir sorun var when something goes wrong.
332. Common wishes: afiyet olsun, geçmiş olsun, kutlu olsunEveryday TurkishWish someone well in Turkish: afiyet olsun at a meal, geçmiş olsun in illness, kutlu olsun on birthdays and holidays, and when 'your' becomes -ın or -ınız.