ã¯: marking the topic
Study ã¯: marking the topic through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseAdventure journal
Japanese grammar
Understand particles, sentence patterns and verb forms through examples you can use.
Adventure journal
Japanese grammar
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ã: marking the subject
Study ã: marking the subject through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practise㯠and ã: topic and focus
Study 㯠and ã: topic and focus through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseã: objects and routes
Study ã: objects and routes through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseã«: destination, time and existence
Study ã«: destination, time and existence through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseã§: place of action and means
Study ã§: place of action and means through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseã®: possession and noun links
Study ã®: possession and noun links through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseã: also, either and nobody
Study ã: also, either and nobody through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseã: polite questions
Study ã: polite questions through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseã§ã: polite noun sentences
Study ã§ã: polite noun sentences through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseãããªã and ã§ã¯ãããŸãã: noun negation
Study ãããªã and ã§ã¯ãããŸãã: noun negation through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseãŸã: polite verb forms
Study ãŸã: polite verb forms through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseãŸãã: polite negative verbs
Explore âãŸãã: polite negative verbsâ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseãŸãã: polite past verbs
Explore âãŸãã: polite past verbsâ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseããŸã and ãããŸã: saying what is where
Explore âããŸã and ãããŸã: saying what is whereâ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese ã-adjectives: positive and negative
Explore âJapanese ã-adjectives: positive and negativeâ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese ãª-adjectives: before nouns and with ã§ã
Explore âJapanese ãª-adjectives: before nouns and with ã§ãâ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseããã»ããã»ãã: pointing to things
Explore âããã»ããã»ãã: pointing to thingsâ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseãã®ã»ãã®ã»ãã®: demonstratives before nouns
Explore âãã®ã»ãã®ã»ãã®: demonstratives before nounsâ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese word order: building a sentence
Explore âJapanese word order: building a sentenceâ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese verb ãŠ-form: how to make it
Explore âJapanese verb ãŠ-form: how to make itâ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseãŠãã ãã: polite requests in Japanese
Explore âãŠãã ãã: polite requests in Japaneseâ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseãŠãã: actions in progress and states
Explore âãŠãã: actions in progress and statesâ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese question words: who, what, where and when
Explore âJapanese question words: who, what, where and whenâ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese plain forms: verbs, adjectives and nouns
Compare Japanese plain forms of verbs, ã- and ãª-adjectives and nouns across affirmative, negative and past sentences.
Read and practiseJapanese ãªã-form: the plain negative
Make and use the Japanese ãªã-form with godan and ichidan verbs, irregular forms, examples and explained practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ã-form: the plain past
Learn the Japanese ã-form of godan, ichidan and irregular verbs, with a reference table and explained practice.
Read and practiseJapanese dictionary form and verb classes
Recognise the Japanese dictionary form, distinguish godan and ichidan verbs, and practise returning polite forms to their entries.
Read and practiseJapanese questions with 㯠and rising intonation
Ask informal Japanese questions with 㯠and rising intonation, including short follow-up questions such as ç°äžããã¯ïŒ.
Read and practise㧠or ã«: places, actions and destinations
Choose 㧠or 㫠for a place in Japanese: contrast where an action happens, where something exists and where someone goes.
Read and practiseãã and ãŸã§: from and until
Learn about âãã and ãŸã§: from and untilâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseãš: joining Japanese nouns
Learn about âãš: joining Japanese nounsâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseã and ãªã©: giving examples in a list
Learn about âã and ãªã©: giving examples in a listâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseã and ã: sentence-final particles
Learn about âã and ã: sentence-final particlesâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseCounting things with ãããŸã and ããŸã
Learn about âCounting things with ãããŸã and ããŸãâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practisePast forms of Japanese ã and 㪠adjectives
Learn about âPast forms of Japanese ã and 㪠adjectivesâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseThe ãŠ-form: joining actions in sequence
Learn about âThe ãŠ-form: joining actions in sequenceâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseãã: expressing a desire to act
Learn about âãã: expressing a desire to actâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practise奜ã and å«ã: likes and dislikes with ã
Learn about â奜ã and å«ã: likes and dislikes with ãâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseã»ãã: wanting an object
Learn about âã»ãã: wanting an objectâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseã«è¡ã: going somewhere to do something
Learn about âã«è¡ã: going somewhere to do somethingâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseãã and ã»ã: comparing two things
Learn about âãã and ã»ã: comparing two thingsâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese ãã¡ã°ã: saying âthe mostâ
Learn about âJapanese ãã¡ã°ã: saying âthe mostââ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese ãã for giving a reason
Learn about âJapanese ãã for giving a reasonâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese ã§ã and ããã for contrast
Learn about âJapanese ã§ã and ããã for contrastâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese negative adverbs ããŸã and å šç¶
Learn about âJapanese negative adverbs ããŸã and å šç¶â with natural Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese time expressions and ã«
Learn about âJapanese time expressions and ã«â with natural Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseThe Japanese particle ãž for direction
Learn about âThe Japanese particle ãž for directionâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseããã§ãã: responding to news in Japanese
Learn about âããã§ãã: responding to news in Japaneseâ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseãªãã§: doing something without another action
Learn âãªãã§: doing something without another actionâ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseãªããŠã¯ãããªã: expressing obligation
Learn âãªããŠã¯ãããªã: expressing obligationâ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseãªããŠããã: saying an action is optional
Learn âãªããŠããã: saying an action is optionalâ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseãŠããã: asking for and giving permission
Learn âãŠããã: asking for and giving permissionâ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseãŠã¯ãããªã: saying something is forbidden
Learn âãŠã¯ãããªã: saying something is forbiddenâ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseããšãã§ãã: describing ability and possibility
Learn âããšãã§ãã: describing ability and possibilityâ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese potential form: saying what you can do
Learn âJapanese potential form: saying what you can doâ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese volitional form: intentions and invitations
Learn âJapanese volitional form: intentions and invitationsâ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseã€ãã: talking about your intentions
Learn âã€ãã: talking about your intentionsâ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseäºå®: describing plans and arrangements
Learn âäºå®: describing plans and arrangementsâ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseåã«: saying what happens before
Learn âåã«: saying what happens beforeâ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseåŸã§: saying what happens after
Learn âåŸã§: saying what happens afterâ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseWhen with ãšã
Explore âWhen with ãšãâ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseConditions and sequence with ãã
Explore âConditions and sequence with ããâ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseAutomatic consequences with conditional ãš
Explore âAutomatic consequences with conditional ãšâ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseConditional ã°
Explore âConditional ã°â through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseGiven a situation with ãªã
Explore âGiven a situation with ãªãâ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseChoosing ãš, ã°, ãã and ãªã
Explore âChoosing ãš, ã°, ãã and ãªãâ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseCompletion and regret with ãŠããŸã
Explore âCompletion and regret with ãŠããŸãâ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practisePreparation with ãŠãã
Explore âPreparation with ãŠããâ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseTrying something with ãŠã¿ã
Explore âTrying something with ãŠã¿ãâ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseDoing a favor with ãŠããã
Explore âDoing a favor with ãŠãããâ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseA favor for me with ãŠããã
Explore âA favor for me with ãŠãããâ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseReceiving a favor with ãŠããã
Explore âReceiving a favor with ãŠãããâ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã, ããã and ããã: giving and receiving
Choose Japanese ããã, ããã or ããã by following giver, recipient and point of view, with examples and explained practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ãã§ã: giving context and explanations
Learn how Japanese ãã§ã adds context, explains a situation or asks for a reason, with natural examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã§ã: judging by appearance
Learn how Japanese appearance ããã§ã expresses a visible impression or an imminent event, with examples and explained practice.
Read and practiseJapanese hearsay ããã§ã: reporting what you heard
Report information heard or read in Japanese with hearsay ããã§ã, including plain verbs, adjectives and nouns.
Read and practiseããã : that explains it
Learn how ããã draws a natural conclusion from a known reason, with Japanese examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã§ã¯ãªã: partial negation
Learn how ããã§ã¯ãªã rejects an assumption or generalization, with forms, examples and practice in Japanese.
Read and practiseJapanese ã¯ãããªã: saying something is impossible
Learn how ã¯ãããªã expresses a strong conclusion that something cannot be true, with forms and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã«ãã: effort and habits
Learn how ããã«ãã expresses a conscious effort, a decision or an established habit, including negative verbs.
Read and practiseJapanese ãŠãã: change from now
Learn how Japanese ãŠãã describes a change or continuing action moving forward from a reference point.
Read and practiseJapanese ãŠãã: change up to now
Learn how Japanese ãŠãã describes a change or continuing action leading up to the present, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ãŠãã and ãŠãã: direction of change
Learn how ãŠãã and ãŠãã express change over time in Japanese, from developments so far to changes ahead.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«ã€ããŠ: talking about a subject
Learn how to use ã«ã€ã㊠and ã«ã€ããŠã® to discuss, research and describe a subject in Japanese.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«å¯ŸããŠ: toward and in contrast
Learn how ã«å¯Ÿã㊠marks the target of an action or contrasts two facts, and how ã«å¯Ÿãã modifies a noun.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã«: purpose and cause
Learn how Japanese ããã« expresses a goal, a beneficiary, or the cause of an actual result, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã« for purpose: ability and prevention
Learn how Japanese ããã« expresses a desired ability or prevents an unwanted outcome, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã« vs ããã«: expressing purpose
Learn when to use ããã« or ããã« for a purpose, with intention, ability, prevention and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ãšããã : stages of an action
Learn how Japanese ãšããã marks an action just before it starts, while it is underway, or immediately after it ends.
Read and practiseJapanese ãŠãã for a resulting state
Learn how Japanese ãŠãã describes a state left by a completed change, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã : inference and resemblance
Learn how Japanese ããã expresses evidence-based inference and resemblance, with forms, examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã: hearsay, inference and typicality
Learn how Japanese ããã reports indirect information or describes something typical, with forms and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«éããªã: strong inference
Learn how ã«éããªã expresses a confident inference in Japanese, and attach it to verbs, adjectives and nouns.
Read and practiseJapanese ãããããªã: expressing possibility
Learn how to express uncertain possibilities in Japanese with ãããããªã, including negative and past forms.
Read and practiseJapanese ãã®ã : general expectations
Learn how Japanese ãã®ã expresses what is generally natural or expected, including social norms and negative forms.
Read and practiseJapanese ããšã¯ãªã: there is no need
Learn how ããšã¯ãªã expresses that an action is unnecessary, with dictionary-form verbs, examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ãšãã: names and quoted content
Learn how Japanese ãšãã connects a name or a quoted statement to a noun, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«ãã£ãŠ: cause, means and agent
Learn how Japanese ã«ãã£ãŠ expresses a cause, a means or the agent of a passive sentence, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«ãšã£ãŠ: expressing perspective
Learn how ã«ãšã£ãŠ frames a judgment from someoneâs perspective, and how ã«ãšã£ãŠã® connects that perspective to a noun.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«ããŠã¯: an unexpected standard
Learn how Japanese ã«ããŠã¯ compares a fact with an unexpected result, with natural examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ãã: even and if only
Learn how Japanese ãã highlights an unexpected example and how ããâŠã° expresses a sufficient condition.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã«ãªã: changes in ability and habit
Learn how ããã«ãªã expresses a new ability, a developing habit or the end of a habitual action in Japanese.
Read and practiseJapanese ããšã«ãªã: a decision or outcome
Learn how ããšã«ãªã expresses an established decision, an eventual outcome, or a standing rule in Japanese.
Read and practiseJapanese ããšã«ãã: deciding to do something
Learn how to express personal decisions and self-imposed habits in Japanese using ããšã«ãã, including negative verbs.
Read and practiseJapanese ãããšããã: past experience
Learn to describe past experiences in Japanese with ãããšããã, including questions, negatives and verb forms.
Read and practiseJapanese ããããããã: examples of actions
Learn to list representative actions in Japanese with ããããããã, form it from the past plain form and set its tense.
Read and practiseJapanese ã: listing reasons
Learn to give several reasons with Japanese ã, connect predicates naturally, and suggest that other reasons may exist.
Read and practiseJapanese ã®ã«: unexpected contrast
Learn how Japanese ã®ã« connects a fact with an unexpected result, with verb, adjective and noun forms.
Read and practiseJapanese passive verbs: receiving an action
Learn how to form Japanese passive verbs and describe actions received, including affected possessions and common pitfalls.
Read and practiseJapanese causative form: make or let someone act
Learn how to form Japanese causative verbs and express making or letting someone do something, with particles and examples.
Read and practiseJapanese relative clauses: phrases before nouns
Learn to describe people and things with Japanese relative clauses, using plain verbs before the noun.
Read and practiseJapanese ã® and ããš: turning actions into nouns
Learn how Japanese ã® and ããš turn actions into nouns, and choose the right form for likes, decisions and ability.
Read and practiseJapanese ã¯ã: expectations based on evidence
Learn to express a reasoned expectation with Japanese ã¯ã, including verbs, adjectives, nouns and negative clauses.
Read and practiseJapanese ã¿ãã: resemblance and inference
Learn how Japanese ã¿ãã expresses resemblance or a conclusion from clues, with forms, examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã: expressing excess
Learn how Japanese ããã expresses too much with verbs and adjectives, and practise its past and negative forms.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã and ã«ãã: easy or hard to do
Learn how Japanese ããã and ã«ãã attach to verb stems to express ease or difficulty, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ãªãã: doing two actions at once
Learn how to use Japanese ãªãã to describe simultaneous actions, form verb stems, and identify the main action.
Read and practiseJapanese éã«: an event during an interval
Learn how Japanese éã« places an event within a period, and how it differs from an action lasting throughout that period.
Read and practiseJapanese ã°ãã: only and just completed
Learn how Japanese ã°ãã expresses doing only one thing or an action the speaker feels happened recently.
Read and practiseJapanese ãšãã« vs ãã: expressing timing
Learn how Japanese ãšãã« sets a time frame and ãã connects an event to what happens afterward.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«è¶³ã: worthy of an action
Learn N1 ã«è¶³ã to judge whether a person, claim or work merits trust, attention or consideration.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«å ªããªã: unable to bear
Learn N1 ã«å ªããªã for unbearable sights and sounds and for formal expressions of profound gratitude or sorrow.
Read and practiseJapanese ãšèšããã°ãã: as if saying
Learn how ãšèšããã°ãã conveys an implied message through a gesture, expression or scene, with N1 examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«ã²ããã: striking contrast
Learn how N1 ã«ã²ããã contrasts people, situations and periods, and practise connecting nouns and clauses naturally.
Read and practiseãšãããã®ã§ã¯ãªã: not necessarily
Learn how ãšãããã®ã§ã¯ãªã challenges a general assumption in Japanese, while leaving room for exceptions.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«è³ã: reaching an outcome
Learn how ã«è³ã describes reaching an outcome or stage after a process, and practise its formal patterns.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«ã»ããªããªã: nothing other than
Learn how N1 ã«ã»ããªããªã identifies a cause or character with conviction, and practise its formal patterns.
Read and practiseJapanese ãšçžãŸã£ãŠ: factors acting together
Learn how ãšçžãŸã£ãŠ links two contributing factors to a shared result in formal Japanese, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ãšèšãã: drawing qualified conclusions
Use ãšèšãã to draw a reasoned Japanese conclusion, state its limits and distinguish it from an absolute claim.
Read and practiseJapanese ãçŠãåŸãªã: unable to suppress a feeling
Learn the formal N1 pattern ãçŠãåŸãªã to express feelings you cannot suppress, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«ããããã: regardless of
Learn how ã«ããããã expresses an outcome that stays the same regardless of a condition or whether something happens.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«éã: limited to a specified case
Learn how formal Japanese ã«éã restricts an offer or rule to particular people, dates or circumstances.
Read and practiseJapanese ãããã£ãŠ: disputes and debate
Learn N2 ãããã£ãŠ and ãããã to describe disputes, negotiations and discussions centered on an issue in Japanese.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«åºã¥ããŠ: based on evidence
Learn how ã«åºã¥ã㊠links an action to its basis, and use ã«åºã¥ã and ã«åºã¥ã in formal Japanese.
Read and practiseJapanese ãéããŠ: throughout and through a medium
Learn how Japanese ãéã㊠expresses an entire period or a channel, intermediary or experience, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«æ²¿ã£ãŠ: following a plan or route
Learn how ã«æ²¿ã£ãŠ expresses action in accordance with a plan, wishes or guidelines, and movement along a route.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«å¿ããŠ: responding to requests and expectations
Learn how ã«å¿ã㊠links a request, question or expectation to a deliberate response, and how its form modifies a noun.
Read and practiseJapanese ãããšãã£ãŠ: not merely because
Learn N2 ãããšãã£ãŠ to challenge a conclusion drawn from one reason, with natural examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese äžã§: after doing and in the course of
Learn N2 äžã§ for a considered step after an action and for points important in carrying out an activity.
Read and practiseJapanese éãã§ã¯: as far as the evidence goes
Learn how Japanese éãã§ã¯ limits a statement to what you know, heard, saw or checked, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ãã®ã®: although a fact is true
Learn N2 ãã®ã® to acknowledge a fact while presenting a contrasting outcome, with forms, examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«ããŠã: even if and whether
Learn N2 ã«ããŠã to concede a possibility or compare alternatives, with examples and practice in Japanese.
Read and practiseJapanese ãšããŠã: even assuming that
Learn N2 ãšããŠã to consider a hypothetical situation and explain what remains true even if it occurs.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«çžéãªã: formal certainty
Express a strong conclusion in formal Japanese with ã«çžéãªã, and learn how verbs, adjectives and nouns connect to it.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã«: more than expected
Learn how Japanese ããã« compares a result with what you would expect from a given situation, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«åŸã£ãŠ: changes that proceed together
Learn how Japanese ã«åŸã£ãŠ links two gradual changes, with verb and noun patterns, examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«ã€ããŠ: changes that develop together
Learn how Japanese ã«ã€ã㊠links two gradual changes, with verb and noun patterns, natural examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese äžæ¹ã§: contrasting trends and perspectives
Learn how äžæ¹ã§ contrasts trends or two aspects of a situation, and distinguish it from äžæ¹ã .
Read and practiseJapanese ã©ããã: far from and let alone
Learn how Japanese ã©ããã overturns an expectation or adds a surprising fact, with forms and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã«ã¯ãããªã: unable to act for social reasons
Learn how ããã«ã¯ãããªã expresses a decision constrained by duty, circumstances or social expectations, and how its negative form creates an obligation.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«äŒŽã£ãŠ: changes that accompany another
Learn N2 ã«äŒŽã£ãŠ to describe changes and events accompanying a development, with noun and verb patterns.
Read and practiseJapanese ããããšã¯: once something has happened
Learn how ããããšã¯ sets a point after which a situation or consequence applies, and contrast it with ããšã§.
Read and practiseJapanese ãã«: doing something without another action
Learn how Japanese ãã« links an omitted action to what happens next, with verb forms, exceptions and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ã ãã§ãªã: not only
Learn how ã ãã§ãªã adds a second fact in Japanese, with nouns, verbs and adjectives, and practise the particle ã.
Read and practiseJapanese ã°ããã§ãªã: not only
Learn how ã°ããã§ãªã connects two facts in Japanese, with noun, verb and adjective patterns and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ã«éã£ãŠ: precisely when things go wrong
Learn how Japanese ã«éã£ãŠ singles out an inconvenient time, with examples, contrast and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ãããã: spending time and money
Learn how Japanese ãããã expresses time or money invested in an activity, and practise linking it to a result.
Read and practiseJapanese éã: as long as a condition holds
Learn how éã expresses a continuing condition in Japanese, including adjective and noun forms and the negative pattern ãªãéã.
Read and practiseJapanese ããã㧠and ããã§: giving credit or blame
Learn how ããã㧠and ãã㧠attribute a Japanese outcome to a cause, with forms, examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ã¯ã vs ãã: expectation and inference
Learn how ã¯ã expresses an expectation and ãã explains a conclusion, with natural examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese causative-passive: being made to do something
Learn Japanese causative-passive forms, including shortened godan variants, and describe actions someone made you perform.
Read and practiseJapanese ãªã© and ãšã: examples and register
Learn how ãªã© and ãšã introduce examples in Japanese, and choose a natural register for lists and activities.
Read and practiseJapanese ã®ã« vs ãã©: expressing contrast
Learn how ã®ã« signals an unexpected outcome while ãã© connects contrasting ideas or softens a conversational opening.
Read and practiseJapanese ã°ããã£ã: regret about a choice
Express regret about an unrealised choice in Japanese with ã°ããã£ã, including negative forms and practical examples.
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